Television Presentation The Resource Media Essay

According to the presentations and reports made by the presentations from The Resource Media (2012), TV presentation involves a variety of areas, namely; drama, spoken language, news presentation and advertisement presentations in general. Ideally, many individuals relate to different areas of TV presentation. This develops the idea that the culture of different age groups and communities around the world plays a significant role in the proximity of the content recognized in these institutions Haran, Kitzinger, McNeil O’Riordan (2008). Additionally, according to these presentations, the age and cultural proximity of these audiences varies from the preferences of the individuals in terms of local productions to international products Haran, Kitzinger, McNeil O’Riordan (2008). Therefore, these presentations surmount to the idea that different age groups have their unique viewing habits and motive that play a key role in identifying the characteristics of the content pre sented in the media (Cited in Craig Deretchin, Eds.). 1.2 Background to the study Based on the literatures presented by Haran, Kitzinger, McNeil O’Riordan (2008), different age groups of individuals have a habit of identifying themselves with different TV presenters and entertainers. Additionally, Haran, Chimba Kitzinger (2008) presented that younger generations preferred younger presenters and entertainers. Haran, Chimba Kitzinger (2008) presented that the popularity of the presenters and theShow MoreRelatedTelevision Can Accomplish Education Through TV Essay examples1147 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision Can Accomplish Education Through TV Problems with kids and television have existed since the invention of this media instrument. 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Analysis Of The Book Alzheimer s - 1104 Words

The two characters in Barne’s novel that relate to absolute certainty are God and the Woodworm. As much as God was the main reason why Noah set out to build the act, as it is stated in the Bible, one cannot be certainly sure whether Noah was telling the truth or not. There is no way to prove that God communicated with Noah and told him to get ready. There is a chance that Noah was just like any other fortuneteller or weather forecaster and he was acting out of his own accord. If this is so, then the existence of God and all the stories told in different religions about God are just mere myths meant to give people a reason for living and a reason to be nice and kind to each other to maintain order in the world. The Woodworm also causes one†¦show more content†¦The climax of the poem is towards the end where the poet describes the man’s house, and gives a flashback of the man’s life back when he was still young and healthy. He remembers how he used to be s trong, wearing a tweed hat and the way he loved music. He remembers the walkway he built between the house and the garage. However, that was back in the day when he was still healthy and strong. With time, he had grown into a very different person, as a result of his illness. The most perplexing thing that he had to deal with at the time, was the white haired woman standing in front of him at the door welcoming him back home; seemingly his wife. III. SHORT ANSWER: â€Å"Fun† questions Question 1 If Barne’s novel is a question regarding life and the reason why there is suffering, failure and losses while people still believe in God. This novel is also a question regarding the people who manage to be successful and triumph in their endeavors in life, and how they manage to do this, as well. To answer this question, the literature uses examples of real life experiences, stories and beliefs to try and get people to understand the answers. It uses great historical events that people are familiar with, and shows that all things that happen in life happen for a reason. Life’s circumstances take different shapes, contexts, time and happens to different people,

Pharmaceutical industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3204 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Industry Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical industry is constantly undergoing a change. In the past pharmaceuticals had a different strategy, companies use to build all the products internally and confine access to information or resources to third parties. The past situation is changing. Outsourcing the current mantra of pharmaceutical industry. It is being used more strategically as an ongoing part of a companys overall business strategy. Outsourced activities can be in various fields right from the drug discovery till manufacturing of the products. Pharmaceutical firms have long outsourced functions such as manufacturing, packaging, clinical trials. This report starts with the declining trend of RD productivity. It focuses on providing outsourcing as a solution for the declining productivity. The three drivers: Transaction cost economy, Resources based view and Institutional theory provides theoretical perspective in relation with a pharmaceutical company. This report will address critical issues, theoretical perspective, conclusion and a future outlook for Pharmaceutical companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pharmaceutical industry" essay for you Create order INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical industry has been one of the most profitable industries in the past with a high rate of financial performance and value creation. If we look into the mid 80s and 90s we will get to know that the pharmaceutical sector had certain differentiating features from the rest of the industries. One of the distinguishing features was generation of the high revenues from the sale of blockbuster drugs. These drugs were secured by patents and thus a pharmaceutical company had to counter only monopolistic competition for such a drug. As the pharmaceutical companies had high profit margins, it became an attractive sector for the investors with very low stock volatility. The annual growth return of the industry has been around 9 to 11% in the recent years. The core operations of pharmaceutical companies were Research and Development (RD) and Sales Marketing. Most of these operations were carried by companies in-house. The pharmaceutical companies invested heavily in RD in the hope that this investment will translate into new drugs. The cost of RD is so high that the companies did not give any importance to internal efficiencies with respect to cost. Most of the pharmaceutical operations of clinical research, RD etc were done in developed countries like USA and western European nations as the facilities for carrying out such operations were situated there only. Leaders to Laggards But now the scenario has changed in recent years. From December 2000 to February 2008 the top 15 companies in the industry lost roughly $850 billion in shareholder value, and the price of their shares fell from 32 times earnings, on average, to 13 (Garnier, 2008). Even though pharmaceutical industry has an impressive growth background but the current market is showing a steep downturn in shareholders return. The average annual return to the shareholders which was 20.3% during 1985-2000 has declined drastically to all time low -0.7% during 2001-2007 (Garnier, 2008). The main reasons for industries plight are * The average time from drug discovery phase to approval has increased over the years. The Tufts Centre for the Study of Drug Development estimates that the average time for a drug to progress from preclinical trials through to approval has risen from 11.6 years in the 1970s through to 14.9 years in 2001. The increased time to roll out a new drug has direct implications on th e revenues as each day lost counts lost sales * The increase complexity of regulatory submissions and clinical trials has led to an increased expenditure on research and development process. * Expiry of the patents for vital ‘blockbuster drugs. Earlier whenever a new drug was launched, it was protected by patents. But after 10-12 years, when the patents expire it lead to the entry of low priced generics which consequently wiped out the revenues of blockbuster drugs in a matter of few weeks. Of the 44 products generating blockbuster sales in 2000, 33 will lose patent protection in the US before 2007, exposing approximately $45.5bn of US ethical revenues to generic competition. Globally, patents protecting 80% of blockbusters in 2000 will expire by 2007, freeing up $67bn to generic erosion (Steve Birch, 2006). Thus there was an increased pressure on pharmaceutical companies to launch new products which in turn led to increase in the cost of RD. However the desired produ ctivity in the pharmaceutical companies did not show any significant increase. Although the industrys collective investment in RD from 1980 to 2006 mushroomed from $2 billion to $43 billion, the number of drugs approved by FDA was roughly the same (Garnier, 2006). Also the pharmaceutical industrys profitable heritage provided no impetus to strictly manage companys internal efficiencies with respect to cost, unlike other sectors. OUTSOURCING AS A SOLUTION Karsten B. Olsen (2006) defines outsourcing as â€Å"the relocation of jobs and processes to external providers regardless of the providers location†; he defined offshoring as â€Å"relocation of jobs and processes to any foreign country without distinguishing whether the provider is external or affiliated with the firm†. With soaring costs of RD and RD capacity shortfalls, pharmaceutical companies eventually had to seek the help of Clinical Research Organisations (CROs) as a mean of outsourcing clinical trials and RD. A contract research organization (CRO) is any company to which a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company can outsource part or all of the processes involved in the development of a product from compound to market (Alison Sahoo, 2006). CROs are emerging as the leading outsourcing partners of pharmaceutical companies. The CROs market has shown a tremendous growth from $2.2 billion in 1993 to $14 billion in 2006 (Sahoo.A, 2006). It has been estimated that pharmaceutical and biotech companies are now using CROs on more than 60% of their clinical projects and that the annual industry spend on contract clinical services rose to nearly US$10 billion in 2001 (Dr Faiz Kermani and Pietro Bonacossa, 2003). They provide a wide range of RD service for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. It includes Drug discovery services; Pre-clinical testing; Clinical trials management; Clinical management; Regulatory affairs advice; Health economics; Laboratory services; Biostatistical analysis; Clinical packaging; Biomanufacturing. The most common outsourced services are clinical monitoring for phase II-IV trials, clinical trial project management and data management. In recent years CROs have also started providing unusual services like drug discovery services, bio statistical analysis and pre clinical testing. DRIVERS FOR RD OUTSOURCING FROM THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE Research development is an imperative function in pharmaceutical industry. The companies which perform successful RD ensures that they have right systems at right place in order to achieve scientific breakthroughs along with right environment for innovative processes downstream to prosper. Gigantic costs and soaring risk rate makes the RD process complex for the pharmaceutical companies who have to maintain a balance with market considerations. Therefore a company has to decide whether to perform the job In-house or to get it done from external efficient CROs. Thus in a nut shell it is the matter of seeking best science wherever it resides, inside or outside. Following are key drivers of RD Outsourcing à ¼ Cost pressure à ¼ Increased complexity of clinical trials and regulatory submission à ¼ Declining RD productivity à ¼ Competitive pressure to bring new drugs à ¼ Rapid access to additional RD technology/capacity à ¼ Reduced fixed costs required In o rder to explain the drivers for RD outsourcing three theories have been outlined namely * Transaction Cost Economics * Resource-based View * Institutional Theory TRANSACTION COST ECONOMICS Transaction Cost Economics is proposed by Ronald Coase and further developed by Oliver Williamson. According to TCE, whether a firm produces an input for its production depends on the degree of uncertainty related to the input, the specificity of the input or its underlying asset(s), the frequency of interactions with the supplier, and the opportunistic tendencies of the supplier ( Coase, 1937; Williamson, 1975, 1985). Coase recognizes the term â€Å"transaction costs† while studying why a firm does exist in his famous article ‘The Nature of Firm in 1937. The cost element of a transaction includes the information costs, the costs of setting up an agreement and costs of maintaining it. According to Williamson, the determinants of transaction costs are frequency, asset specificity, uncertainty, bounded rationality and opportunistic behaviour. According to Simon, bounded rationality refers to human behaviour that is â€Å"intended rational, but only limitedly soâ⠂¬  ( Simon, 1961, p. xxiv). Opportunism is explained by Williamson (1975) as â€Å"strategic manipulation of information or misrepresentation of intentions†. Williamson found that asset specificity plays an important role in finalizing the transaction. Asset specificity refers to the amount of investment pertaining to a particular transaction, having a high value for this transaction and that could not be â€Å"redeployable† (Williamson, 1985) for another transaction. If a transaction require high investment in specific assets by the focal firm, it is less likely for it to outsource. Therefore low asset specificity for pharmaceutical companies favours outsourcing and the long term cost saving become a key driver. For the pharmaceutical companies, using outsourcing can save long term expenses of establishing a comprehensive in-house infrastructure for pre-clinical and clinical trials which includes costs of human capital (doctors, analysts), extensive testing facil ities and equipment and variable costs related to patient recruitment. Depending upon the size and scope of the facility, initial expenses to build such an infrastructure can range from $10m to more than $500m with annual maintenance costs of an additional $2m to $100m. Moreover, the pharmaceutical company must continue to maintain them regardless of their level of use. Using a CRO limits the fixed assets that a drug developer requires, directing financial resources only to the services that are required at the time. On the CROs side, however, asset specificity is high. To compensate this, short term RD outsourcing expense can be extremely high. However, pharmaceutical companies can still achieve net advantage in the use of CRO because long term cost saving can outweigh such short term expenditure. Also pharmaceutical RD outsourcing is a bit controversial as there could be opportunistic behaviour on the side of supplier, because outsourcing RD could lead to leakage of valuable information related to the companys core competencies. Therefore it advisable to pharmaceutical companies to follow a ‘networked pharmaceutical model to face the longer-term challenges which states that major pharmaceutical companies, which currently operate approximately 80% of activities in-house, will eventually perform only 40% in-house. 60% of remaining activities will be conducted externally, via a carefully selected, risk managed portfolio of straight outsourcing arrangements and strategic alliances. As a result, pharmaceutical company normally outsources some mandate activities like clinical trials and data management while retain in-house more critical steps like drug discovery. Another important aspect which gives rise to transaction costs is uncertainty. Uncertainty refers to the inability to foresee the eventualities that might occur during the course of the transaction. The main reason for this is the duration of time over which the transaction will take place . Technological uncertainty refers to unanticipated changes in circumstances surrounding technology, i.e., new generations of technology that render existing technology. Technological uncertainty may serve as an incentive to outsource because internalization often requires greater resource commitments. Bounded rationality and opportunism along with uncertainty creates difficulties and increases the costs in a transaction. New drug requires new methods of delivery using technologies unfamiliar to the company. The speed of development of new drug discovery technologies makes it much more difficult for pharmaceutical companies that are not already up to date with the newest drug discovery techniques to remain ahead of the field. Therefore, it is simpler and less risky for pharmaceutical companies to obtain the most advanced drug discovery expertise from outside organizations. RESOURCE BASED VIEW The Resource Based View is concerned with explaining how organisations strive to acquire a new combination of strategic resources and gain competitive advantage. These resources can be physical resources, human resources and organisational resources (Barney, 1991). In essence, RBV puts forward that competitive advantage is not a function of just opportunities in the external environment but also a function of which resources the firm can identify, develop, deploy, and protect (Barney, 1991; Penrose, 1959; Wernerfeldt, 1989). In the context of increasing global competitive pressure, companies are advised to concentrate on their core competencies and utilize outsourcing to capitalize on the expertise of others ( Domberger, 1998; Porter, 1990; Prahalad and Hamel, 1990) According to Barney (1991), a resource with the potential to create competitive advantage must meet a number of criteria, including value, rarity, imitability and organization. For example a resource is unable to gen erate competitive advantage if it is easily imitated by the competitors. There is support that firms outsource non-strategic items when they believe suppliers have superior capabilities (Argyres, 1996). Resource based view suggests that in order to develop strategy that provides competitive advantage, companies should focus on their core competencies and acquire complementary resources from outside specialised agencies, means of outsourcing to capitalize on the expertise of others. Resource view based for a pharmaceutical company would be outsourcing non-core activities within RD, i.e., clinical trials, while retaining core activities in-house, i.e. drug discovery. The CRO provide complimentary resources and services after the drug discovery process which is retained in-house by the Pharmaceutical companies. The core competency within RD is drug discovery. The pharmaceutical companies can outsource their clinical trials to CROs. By doing this, a Pharmaceutical company can achi eve competitive advantage by improving the efficiency of the overall RD process and sharing risk of drug failures. The core competencies and the limited internal resource and capabilities of a pharmaceutical company can be combined with the complimentary resource and capabilities of Contract research organization to produce benefits like time to market, coat reduction and risk sharing. The relational view of risk sharing is that RBV emphasize strategic outsourcing. Being strategic means outsourcing should adopt a â€Å"relational view† linkage with exchange partners. The Drivers reduce risk and achieve win-win situation Risk sharing helps in establishing a successful and stable relationship. It helps to improve outsourcing process and internal resource planning. The overall business risks are reduced and there is minimum loss of intellectual property. INSTITUTIONAL THEORY Institutional theory provides a rich, complex view of organisations (Zucker, 1987). This theory states that organizational decision-making is influenced by normative pressures that arise from both external sources (i.e. government, industry alliance) and internal sources. These normative pressures and assumptions determine what constitutes appropriate or acceptable behaviour for the organisation (Oliver, 1997). Firms operating in a general environment are under pressure to behave in a similar way so as to gain legitimacy, resources and survival capabilities. According to institutional theory there are both external sources like government polices competition, regulatory factors and social factors and internal sources. These decision to outsource to taken by keeping these factors in mind. A pharmaceutical company, using the institutional perspective, when undergoes outsourcing in an alien country faces threats from government, competition, regulatory factors. These factors may ei ther help the firm in doing wee or fail in that market. Outsourcing RD by a Pharmaceutical company benefits in low cost and obtain greater flexibility. This results in competitive advantage. A company outsourcing its RD waits for other firms to outsource so that it can look at their performance and take a decision whether to enter that particular market or not. In the pharmaceutical industry, there are two kinds of pressure to outsource. First of all, regulations require more clinical trials before a new drug can be forwarded to approval (it can be extended also). This increases the cost pressure. Secondly, if there are firms that already adopt RD outsourcing and reap the benefit and thus gain an advantage. The other firms who follow feel the pressure. Otherwise, they might not be able to survive the competition. Newcomers to RD outsourcing face the following issues: 1. Operational Complexity: The operational complexity of is primarily characterised by the uncertainty of the system. 2. Intellectual property protection: There is risk of loss of intellectual property due to prevalent law related to protecting intellectual property The Pharmaceutical companies need to protect their patent rights. 3. Security issues From the transactional cost point of view, these indicate high initial uncertainty. But still, many more Pharmaceutical firms are adopting outsourcing. Thats because those early adopters have found means of overcoming or managing these issues and so as to gain benefit. As discussed in the resource based view, establishing a close relationship is the key. This creates pressure for the whole industry to increasingly outsource their RD. There are a number of benefits that a Pharmaceutical company can gain by taking an intuitional perspective. A firm can benefit by being a follower and waiting to see if other firms are successful in a given location. A firm can also adapt to pressures in order to gain power and control over the resources they need to be successful (Brito, 2001) SUMMARIZING THE THREE THEORIES Source: adapted from Tate et, al, 2009 The main insights from the theoretical lenses when all the three theories are applied together have been summarized in the figure above. When all the theories are applied together the company will simultaneously considers corporate image, external environment threats and opportunities, best governance structure, cost efficiency and supplier relations/employee retention. FUTURE OUTLOOK CONCLUSION Though the concept of outsourcing RD to Critical Research Organisations is relatively a young concept, just over 20 years, but in a very short span of time CROs have established themselves as an indispensible part of pharmaceutical industry. CROs now account for about 20% of the pharmaceutical and biotechnological RD budget and the market for critical research services is still growing (Ed Tomlinson, 2002). The critical research market which was $9.3billion in 2001 is expected to grow up to $36 billion in 2015 with an average annual growth of 16.3% (Sahoo,A, 2006). This growth in outsourcing is expected to continue because of increasing demand for access to modern RD technologies such as genomics, high through put screening etc from big specialty pharmaceutical companies and lack of infrastructure in small pharma and biotech companies. Although CRO market is establishing a strong foothold in pharmaceutical industry in a short span of time but still it is suffering from a few shortcomings like problems in evaluating and monitoring CROs performance, clash of cultures, lack of shared vision and objectives etc. Its a great challenge to successfully manage the outsourcing relationship and generate value. Outsourcing allows pharma companies to exploit the potential of new drug discovery technologies. When pharma companies provide their core competencies and CROs supply new innovate products, a relationship is built which helps in solving problems for pharma companies. REFERENCES Tate, W.L., Ellram, L.M, Bals, L and Hartmann, E. (2009). â€Å"Offshore outsourcing of services: an evolutionary perspective†, International journal of production economics. Vol.120. pp.521-524 Garnier, J. P. (2008), â€Å"Rebuilding the RD Engine in Big Pharma†, Harvard Business Review. Sahoo, A. (2006), Pharmaceutical outsourcing strategies. Business Insights. Argyres, N., 1996. Evidence on the role of firm capabilities in vertical decisions. Strategic Management Journal 17 (2), 129-150. Barney, J., 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17 (1), 99-120. Brito, C.M., 2001. Towards an institutional theory of the dynamics of industrial networks. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 16 (3), 150-166. Domberger, S., 1998. The Contracting Organization: A Strategic Guide to Outsourcing. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Prahalad, C.K., Hamel, G., 1990. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard B usiness Review 68 (3), 79-91. Zucker, L.G., 1987. Institutional theories of organization. Annual Review of Sociology 13 (1), 443-464.

The United States History During The World History

It’s very interesting to me when studying America history in the United States. When I lived in Viet Nam, I studied American history in the World History Program in high school. However, this program only focused on the history of America in the 20th century such as the Second Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression, and the Cold War. We studied very in detail about the Cold War because this event related to Viet Nam war. The Cold War was no large-scale fighting directly between the United States and Soviet Union. They are different in economy and politics which are communist and capitalist. When taking History 1301 course, I am really interested when I have an opportunity to exam American history from pre-Columbian to Civil War. I knew that the 13 colonies created a war to gain freedom from the Great Britain. However, I do not know the reasons why they had to left England to come to the New World, the United States. 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You have the history of the men who become namesakes of these ships. Then there is years of history of the ships themselves during the time that they were in commission. These topics tie in together to understand the USS Lawrence and the USS Charles F. Adams. U.S. Navy ships have been named by many important people in U.S. history. March 3, 1819 Congress formally placed responsibilityRead More Analysis of Pearl Harbor the Movie Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagesmovie that is based on a day that started the United States involvement in World War II. The movie begins with a two boys, Danny Walker and Rafe McCawley, who have grown up hoping to become involved in the United States military and slowly changes to the life, excitement, and hardships of being involved in the war. Rafe is one of the best fighter pilots in the regiment and falls in love with a beautiful nurse, Lt. Evelyn Johnson. As the United States tries to help the British, Rafe volunteers

Introducing Essay Samples for a Scientific Research Program

Introducing Essay Samples for a Scientific Research Program The Ultimate Essay Samples for a Scientific Research Program Trick Inside this section you're supposed to incorporate some background information about the problem, for example overview of research carried out in the past. It is possible to create a flow chart along the way so you'll have a guide on your undertaking. In addition, it should offer your readers with the information that's needed in case they wish to use the original literature for a reference. Thus, the reader has to be informed on how you are going to see to your data. If you wish to increase your paper and be sure you get a high score, here's what you want to understand. Paper bags aren't necessarily environmentally superior. An excellent bag can spare a few thousand bags from the landfill. The Dirty Facts on Essay Samples for a Scientific Research Program The very first step to the scientific way is asking a question. This approach is the main r eason for the experiment or discovery. It offers researcher with unique tactics to take a look at the non-verbal expressions of feeling to decide who interacting with whom is. At precisely the same time, never list equipment employed in the plan of the experiment. Bear in mind that the introduction ought to be brief and not too wide. Some of it you'll find out when you get started researching and obtaining an overall sense of programs in the very first spot. Most likely, the students will truly enter a play, and it gives everyone an opportunity to show off their distinctive talent. Usually ethnographers spend more time in places so they could conduct research with diverse individuals. It is preferable to look at the guidelines for elongated essay since you get advice on what you will need to prevent. The program can generate a whole essay in under a second, dependent on a few keywords. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. You do not have to be stress with the essay as you can complete it on the most suitable moment. You must find the correct resources for your essay in addition to patience when finding the correct inspiration to write. It isn't easy to compose the protracted essay, but if you've got a guide, you won't have a tough time. Be certain that your essay has an excellent introduction, research questions, focus and other vital information. When you are requested to compose an essay, attempt to discover some samples (models) of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. If you're to really gain from model essays, you will need to understand how to read the techniques of the writer'. If you know what things to do, make sure you begin writing your essay at the same time you have sufficient moment. The 5-Minute Rule for Essay Samples for a Scientific Research Program For centuries, it's been the standard for an excellent procedure for research conducting. You may use the samples as a foundation for working out how to write in the proper style. The aim of the program was supposed to initiate a self-sustaining population that doesn't need constant monitoring. In the second a comparison is created when it comes to the research practice. The New Fuss About Essay Samples for a Scientif ic Research Program You want to make certain that your thesis is not hard to identify. Attractiveness and dependability of dissertation is dependent on the system of writing dissertation. In conclusion, it would appear that assignment essays continue to get a prominent part in tertiary education as an assessment tool. This essay examines the explanations for why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers a number of the troubles with this technique of assessment. The exact first step in the dissertation is to decide on an overall topic to research. Writing a research methodology is extremely complicated process which demands a whole lot of concentration and research work. Writing a dissertation methodology doesn't have to be an impossible job. It may be a challenging endeavor. The New Angle On Essay Samples for a Scientific Research Program Just Released Local small business groups always require interesting speakers to entice members to meetings. As you don't need the ideal candidate for your project, you need to locate the proper candidate. Join and take part in local small business groups and try a couple of leads groups too.

The Joy Luck Club Cuture free essay sample

Gap Between Mothers And Dauthers Essay, Research Paper There are legion conditions in human life that mold people into who they soon are. A individual # 8217 ; s individuality and manner of thought are influenced greatly due to their household # 8217 ; s milieus, and relationships they are involved in. In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, the characters are generic, in the sense that, although they are from different households, the jobs and emotions experienced are similar. The girls are in an ongoing hunt to detect themselves, who they are and what they represent. With their cherished mother-daughter bonds, four immigrants are bewildered at American civilization as they battle to transfuse in their girls leftovers of their Chinese heritage. Throughout the class of the novel, the enigma of the mother-daughter relationship is revealed to the reader by assorted agencies. First, such a strong connexion can merely be the merchandise of an indispensable, timeless, emotion called love: # 8220 ; She loved you really much, more than her ain life # 8221 ; ( Tan 29 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Joy Luck Club Cuture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately, in Chinese civilization, female parents seldom say # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; and happen small to no clip at all to supply for their girl # 8217 ; s emotional demands. Such attitudes on occasion lead the kids to feel that # 8220 ; My female parent did non handle me this manner because she didn # 8217 ; t love me. She merely had a difficult clip demoing her love for me # 8221 ; ( Tan 45 ) . As good, the nexus is besides nourished in other ways, such as the fleet protection of a female parent # 8217 ; s immature: # 8220 ; She grabbed my manus back so fast that I knew at that instant how regretful she was that she had non protected me better # 8221 ; ( Tan 111 ) . There are other ways in which the enigma of the mother-daughter relationship isuncovered. Because of a female parent # 8217 ; s digesting love, they frequently put up high outlooks that are frequently difficult to run into. As good, in the instance of Waverly and June, a female parent # 8217 ; s love is expressed in the novel by proudly demoing off: # 8220 ; From the clip we were babes, our female parents compared the folds in our abdomen buttons, how shapely our ear lobes were, how fast we healed when we scraped our articulatio genuss # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Tan 64 ) . In any instance, every little act or gesture done out of deep love for one another, strengthens the bond, that is enkindled at birth. They are frightened. In me, they see their ain girls, merely as nescient, merely as forgetful of all the truths and hopes they have brought to America. They see girls who grow up impatient when their female parents talk in Chinese, who think they are stupid when they explain things in fractured English. They see girls who will bear grandchildren born without any linking hope passed from coevals to coevals. ( Tan 31 ) Culture gratly influences the young person of today as American fortunes well influenced the girls of the novel. In some cases, the Western civilization dominates as the female parents strive on, in its shadow: # 8220 ; # 8230 ; and because I remained quiet for so long now my girl does non hear me. She sits by her fancy swimming pool and hears her Sony Walkman, her cordless phone # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Tan 64 ) . Ying-Ying ponders upon the fact that, # 8220 ; She follows my Chinese ways until she learned how to walk out the door by herself and travel to school # 8221 ; ( Tan 289 ) . Because of heavy bitterness on the female parent # 8217 ; s portion, in some cases, the American civilization is frowned upon and is stereotyped as holding # 8220 ; morbid ideas # 8221 ; ( Tan 105 ) . Many jobs, particularly embarrassment, surface tungsten hen the younger coevals efforts to go captive into a new civilization, while the parents insist on cleaving to their old ways. The girls experience problems while seeking to get by with their immigrant parents. There is an obvious linguistic communication barrier that may ensue in feelings, such as that of Jing-mei: â€Å"These sorts of accounts made me experience my female parent and I spoke two different linguistic communications, which we did. I talked to her in English, she answered back in Chinese† ( Tan 23 ) . Often, the girls feel ashamed. The people who embarrass them and whom they resent are their parents: â€Å"I wish you wouldn’t make that, stating everybody I’m your daughter† ( Tan 101 ) . The immature ladies subsequently realize that it is infantile to believe that manner, and they focus on the hereafter, instead so on past errors. The kids feel that their female parents nag invariably when moral issues are concerned, for illustration, in the instance of a divorce. An-mei prefers that her girl negotiations and works out her personal jobs with her hubby. If Rose # 8217 ; s hubby leaves her, so finally she must fall back to a divorce. Regardless of what the fortunes are, female parents are diligently looking out for the well being of their girls: # 8220 ; # 8230 ; she # 8217 ; d do anything to warn me, to assist me avoid some unknown danger # 8221 ; ( Tan 108 ) . The female parents of the fresh seek their best to supply for their girls, but this is taken for granted at times. Lindo explains at one point that # 8220 ; inside I am ashamed. I am ashamed she is ashamed. Because she is my girl and I am proud of her, and I am her female parent but she is non proud of me # 8221 ; ( Tan 291 ) . # 8230 ; but I couldn # 8217 ; t learn her about Chinese character. How to obey parents and listen to your female parent # 8217 ; s mind # 8230 ; Why easy things are non deserving prosecuting. why Chinese thought is best. No, this sort of believing didn # 8217 ; T tick to her. She was excessively busy masticating gum, blowing bubbles bigger than her cheeks. Merely that sort of believing stuck. ( Tan 290 ) A female parent # 8217 ; s hungriness is to shoot what is left of her manner of life. Obedience is foremost and first amongst the female parents: # 8220 ; Merely two sorts of girls, those who are obedient and those who follow their ain head! Merely one sort of girl can populate in this house. Obedient Daughter! # 8221 ; ( Tan 153 ) . Materialistic demands are non deserving prosecuting but happening yourself is: # 8220 ; With all these things, I did non care. I had no spirit # 8221 ; ( Tan 286 ) . Other times, in seeking to transfuse what is left of the Chinese heritage, the American manner of life is blended in, but alas, # 8220 ; I wanted my kids to hold the best combination: American fortunes and Chinese character. How could I know these two do non blend? # 8221 ; ( Tan 289 ) . The characters of the novel, The Joy Luck Club, unravel the elaboratenesss of uniting a Chinese heritage with American fortunes and Tell of the relationships between female parents and girls. The strong bond, that is present amongst the characters, will boundlessly outlive all obstructions. From each coevals, all of the adult females # 8220 ; are like stepss, one measure after another, traveling up and down, but all traveling the same manner # 8221 ; ( Tan 241 ) . There are advantages and disadvantages to turning up with American fortunes, every bit good as acquisition and obtaining Chinese character, but one must be chosen over the other to be free. # 8220 ; I think about two faces. I think about my purposes. Which one is American? Which one is Chinese? Which one is better? If you show one, you must ever give the other # 8221 ; ( Tan 304 ) .

Relationship Between Customer and Entrepreneurial Orientation

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Customer and Entrepreneurial Orientation. Answer: Introduction: This particular study has provided an in-depth case study about the issues that airline industry of United States facing currently. It has been observed from the case scenario that US the popular existing airline companies are receiving innumerable market threat in order to receive organizational image and reputation. This particular study has focused to deal with the competitive force analysis with the help of which a detailed knowledge can be gathered about the current market status of new entrants airlines and existing airlines of US. Competitive force analysis is the systematic framework in order to evaluate and analyze the level of competition. A comparative analysis has also been provided on the economic performance of both the existing airlines companies and new entrants of US. The study has provided an in-depth insight about the strategies and policies that existing airlines can follow for overcoming their crisis. Some of the necessary recommendations have been provided on ho w airline industry would be able to go out from the current crisis and regain the trust of customers. Overview on US airline industry: As per the in-depth analysis provided in the case study, it has been observed that US airline industry is a facing innumerable difficulty in order to make effective profit making planning (Berthon et al. 2012). Especially the popular existing airline brands of United States such as United, Delta, and American have faced innumerable challenges in order to maintain their craze in current market due to the short-term low cost budget strategy of new entrants like Southwest Airlines, Jet Blue, Air Tran Airways, and Virgin America. The primary strategy of these new entrants is to reduce the fare cost by choosing lucrative routes with the help of which the companies can receive passengers accessibility. In addition, the new entrants such as Virgin America, Air Tran Airways like to focus on non-union labor based on which the organization can hire the labor in low cost. As a result, the operation cost of these new entrants has been reduced drastically. On the other hand, the existing brands like United, Delta, and American are possessed with high maintenance cost. These airlines fail to maintain low cost strategy in order to make an instant treat of new entrants due to their brand value. These organizations have to maintain high cost of labor (Armstrong et al. 2012). As the premium customers are the primary target market, the business exerts have to invest large amount of money for employees in order to provide them professional training so that the premium customers can get an effective customer service process. Currently, this particular strategy is getting suffered in airline industry due to the high market threat of new competitors. In addition, the airlines like United and Delta intend to maintain product quality as well. As a result, low cost strategy implementation is not applicable for running these organizations successfully in this market (Fifield 2012). In this particular study, an in-depth analysis has been provided on how the organization can implement innovative strategy and policy with the help of which the organization would regain the trust of customers. Competitive force analysis: Competitive force analysis is the framework with the help of which the business industry can critically evaluate the level of competition among the contemporary competitors. Based on the level of competition, the business organization intends to implement business appropriate business polices in order to become a market threat. Porters Five Force model is the major pathways of analyzing the competitive force (Leonidou et al. 2013). The airline industry is currently facing serious issue due to the market entry of new carriers. As a result, the study has highlighted to discuss on the Porters five-force analysis with the help of which the airline industry can evaluate the current market scenario among the various rising companies. The different aspects of Porters Five Force are as follows: Porters Five Forces Suppliers Power The suppliers power of airline industry in United State is high Buyers Power The buyers power of airline industry in United State is high Treats of the Substitutes Threat of the substitute for US is low Competitive rivalry within the industry The United States has faced innumerable challenges within the airline industry in between the existing companies and new entrants Threat of New entry New entrants of airline industry of US have not faced innumerable barriers to establish their business. Table 1: Porters five force (Source: Sheth and Sisodia 2015) Suppliers Power: The suppliers power in airline industry of US in high in range. After the entrance of new carriers in the market, the demands of aircraft, fuel and labor has been raised incredibly. As a result, the suppliers get immense scope to distribute their raw materials to the airlines (Kim et al. 2012). In addition, as per the external global scenario, the price and supply of oil has become in fluctuation due to the high range of demand in the global market. It has a major impact in the scenario of US as well. Therefore, in the realm of airline industry the demand of oil is immense along with high supply power. Buyers Power: With the proliferation of online ticket booking system, the buyers have enough opportunity to verify the best facilities and benefits of various companies. The online travel internet site of US such as Expedia, Travelocity, and Orbitz has provided innumerable facilities and benefits to the travelers with the help of which they can conduct an overall comparative analysis about price and service range facilities of US airlines (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). In addition, apart from the existing airlines, a large number of external new entrants have also occupied a dominant place in the realm of airline industry in US. As a result, the people have received immense alternative option to choose best products and services. Therefore, the buyers power in airline industry of US is also very high in range. Threats of the substitutes: United States do not have to face innumerable threats from the substitute transport system. US being out an out a developed country is strong enough in economically as well as technologically. Therefore, people do not have to struggle for affording the charge of flight tickets. In addition, the report shows the US inhabitants prefer to choose air as their major pathway of journey rather than road, rail track or water. As a result, the airlines providers do not have to face major preventions from their substitutes (Popkova et al. 2013). In the case scenario, it has been observed that US is possessed with a large number of airlines including new and existing. Competitive Rivalry within the Industry: After the entrance of low cost carriers, United States is facing remarkable completion in the realm of airline industry. The poplar existing airlines are struggling immensely in order to maintain organizational image and reputation due to the new entrants. The low cost carriers of US such as Southwest Airlines, Jet Blue, AirTran Airways, and Virgin America have decided to implement some major strategies so that customers show their interest for choosing their services. Low cost fare is one of the most effective strategy based on which the organization is able to provide services in limited fare. As a result, the existing companies are facing innumerable difficulties for creating market demand (Morgan 2012). These airlines like to choose non-union labors based on which the business experts have to pay limited labor cost. As a result, the entire operation cost can be highly decreased. On the other hand, the companies like United, Delta, and American do not have to face innumerable difficulties for maintaining labor cost due to the use of union labor. As a result, the business experts have to afford a huge amount of money for maintaining the operation cost. Therefore, the overall competition of airlines within the US industry is remarkably high in range. Threat of New Entry: In order to enter the business wings in market, every organization has to face innumerable barriers for establishing their entire process of business. US airlines industry is not exceptional to that. For overcoming the treat of new market entry, airlines such as Southwest Airlines, Jet Blue, AirTran Airways, and Virgin America has decided to implement low cost strategy in their business process so that the business experts can enhance the range of target customers (Shaw 2012). The airlines have chosen most lucrative routes for drawing the attention of large number of customers. From those perspectives, the new entrants did not have to face immense difficulties for expanding their wings in US. Moreover, the existing airlines have faced a sudden crisis after the entrance of low cost barriers. Economic performance: After the entrance of low cost carriers the economic growth of existing airlines of US such as United has been remarkably decreased. As per the report of third quarter revenue of 2016, the organization had gained $9.9 billion. The entire revenue level had been decreased from 3.8 percent (newsroom.united.com 2016). After the serious deterioration in economic performance this particular airlines failed to maintain a balance customers demand and supply. After the inflation of fuel price, the entire business structure of United, Delta and North waste has been decreased rapidly. As a result, United decided to merge their entire business process with continental (Bosomworth 2013). In this kind of situation, the organization has decided to implement some effective major strategies and policies so that the business experts can gain the profit level again in order to create the market demand. After getting merged the United was able to overcome the major economic crisis to some extent. The Co ntinental and United holding has been presented here: On the other hand, after implementing the low cost strategy the economic performance of new entrants such as Virgin America has incredibly raised. In the first quarter of 2016, the revenue growth of Virgin America has been reached $18.4 million. The entire revenue growth has been increased to 74.5%. As per the point of view of Chief executive Officer, David Cush of Virgin America, We reported record first quarter net income driven by continued unit revenue outperformance as compared with the domestic industry and the benefit of lower fuel costs. The company focuses on non-fuel unit cost as well so that the rate of ticket does not become high in range (Shankar, Carpenter and Farley 2012). This particular business organization after implementing strategies for lower fuel cost has drawn the attention of large number of travelers. As a result, the customer range of different geographical boundaries has been raised remarkably. The operating revenue of Virgin America in first quarter of 20 16 was $364.0 million. As a result, the organization was successful enough to provide innumerable facilities and benefits to the employees so that employees show their interest for providing best efforts for meeting organizational goals and services. The price reduction level of Virgin America from December 2014 to June 2015 is as follows: Strategies for airline profitability: As per the case scenario, it has been observed that the current airline industry of US is facing innumerable difficulties to maintain profit making planning due to the entrance of low cost carriers. The price hike of fuel is one of the most effective reasons of raising such kind of crisis in airline industries (Chan, He and Wang 2012). In order to overcome this kind of sudden crisis, the airlines such as United, Delta, and American can take some of the effective measures in order to regain the trust of people. The strategies are as follows: Implementing effective business promotion: United, Delta, and American has already lost their organizational reputation in market due to the entrance of low cost barriers. Therefore, the marketing executives should make an effective marketing and promotional plan for the customers so that the travelers from different geographical boundaries can show their interest. While promoting the products and services, these airlines can provide an in-depth overview about the product and service facilities so that customers can distinguish the different. Increasing facilities and benefits to the customer services as well as products: The business experts of United, Delta, and American would have to reduce the product cost. The travelers should get low fare cost from the service providers so that the range of target market can be enhanced. In addition, service providers would have to deal with the customers in such a way that they show their interest for purchasing service process. The success of airlines is highly dependent on service process (Zeriti et al. 2014). The service providers should never show their arrogant outlook. As a result, travelers show their reluctance for using products and services. Selecting lucrative routes to draw the attention of most of the travelers: The airlines such as United should select lucrative route for the passengers so that the passengers do not like to show their intense impatience for using the service process of these organizations. The business experts should select the routes in such a way that the most of the inhabitants of tat routes are air travelers. As a result, the organization would be able to enhance their range of target market. On one hand, the company would be able to get an effective revenue level, on the other hand, a large number of target customers would show their interest for using services. To maintain an effective communication with online ticket booking sites for business promotions: The responsibility of online ticket selling sites is to present appropriate data on how airline companies are providing necessary services to the customers. People would like to purchase the service process of those companies whose service facilities are high in range in current market scenario. Therefore, most of the airline companies like to maintain a good rapport with the travelling sites so that the agents like to make effective promotional activities for their company. The airlines such as United, Delta, and American would have to maintain effective relation with the agents of travelling sites such as Expedia, Travelocity, and Orbitz. As a result, the travelling agents would like to recommend the name of those airlines to the travelers. Discussion: The present case scenario has provided an in-depth overview about the current market scenario of airline industry of United States. Based on this particular situation, some of the eminent scholars have expressed their point of views in different ways. Griffith, D.A. and Hoppner (2013) stated that the airlines such as United, Delta, and American should maintain effective industry analysis before implementing business strategies. After the entrance of low cost carriers, these airlines should reduce the product cost so that customers do not show their reluctance for purchasing the products and services of these organizations. On the other hand, Nebenzahl and Jaffe (2013) has strongly differed the point of view of previous scholars. This particular author has opined that without maintaining high maintenance process, the target customers of these organizations would never use the service process. Conclusion: This particular study has provided a deep insight regarding the current issue that US is facing in their airline industry. In order to evaluate the current scenario, the study has focused to highlight the industry analysis with the help of which an in-depth overview can be provided on airline industry. Some of the relevant strategies have been highlighted in this study increasing the profitability cost. Reference List: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2012.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Prentice-Hall, London. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Bosomworth, D., 2013. Mobile marketing statistics 2015.Smart Insights site. Chan, H.K., He, H. and Wang, W.Y., 2012. Green marketing and its impact on supply chain management in industrial markets.Industrial Marketing Management,41(4), pp.557-562. Eggers, F., Hansen, D.J. and Davis, A.E., 2012. Examining the relationship between customer and entrepreneurial orientation on nascent firms marketing strategy.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(2), pp.203-222. Fifield, P., 2012.Marketing strategy. Routledge. 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Marketing strategy: From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual framework.Journal of Historical Research in Marketing,4(1), pp.30-55. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: prentice Hall. Zeriti, A., Robson, M.J., Spyropoulou, S. and Leonidou, C.N., 2014. Sustainable export marketing strategy fit and performance.Journal of International Marketing,22(4), pp.44-66.