Colonial America Founding the Dream Essay example

No one knew that a new land existed and the magnitude in which it would shape and influence the world. This new land soon known to many as America became the main theatre of the 16th and 17th centuries also known as the colonial period in which the European continent stretched out its borders which began an unprecedented age of exploration which held unlimited possibilities. The discovery of the New World also led to the discovery of the American Dream which became defined by the colonial Americans and generations to come as a second chance for economic opportunity and religious freedom. The first colonists to arrive in America established Jamestown, Virginia and sought new economic opportunities away from Europe. After the Spanish†¦show more content†¦The movement led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and even Henry VIII defied the Catholic Church with new beliefs and practices they thought would cleanse the Church (â€Å"The Reformation†). The Protestant Reformation acted as a medium through which the American Dream of religious freedom was born. It persuaded several groups to depart from the Old World in search of a New that accepted their beliefs. America was discovered right on time. The separatist Pilgrims journey from the Old world to the New represents the radical American Dream based on religious freedom. The Pilgrims were not known as the separatists for nothing. They deliberately separated from the corrupt Church of England in search of a way to practice their core Christian beliefs that were established during the Protestant Reformation. First heading to Holland to escape King Henry VIII grasp, the Pilgrims were soon disturbed by the Dutchfication taking place throughout their youth and culture and decided to venture out to the New World where they could practice their religion with no outside influence corrupting their system. The Pilgrims journey to the New World introduced a new aspect upon the defining of the American Dream in which they not only escaped persecution but also were capable of establishing a way of life unhindered by surrounding cultures. Like the Pilgrims, the Puritans fled Europe for religious freedom in the New world, but their dream was. The Puritans wereShow MoreRelatedEquality And The American Dream1068 Words   |  5 PagesEquality and the American Dream History has a way of repeating itself. The problem of inequality has lasted as long as man has throughout the course of time. People are thought to be brave when they stick up against inequality. On July 4, 1776 Thomas Jefferson wrote the most important document in the history of our nation. The Declaration of Independence was the official document that claimed that their new name the United States of America and they would succeed from unfair British control. TheRead MoreInfluential American Writers Who Believed and Wrote about Freedom648 Words   |  3 Pageson November 30, 1774 where he helped edit the Pennsylvania Magazine in January 1775. Paine began publishing several articles anonymously. One of his early articles was a scathing condemnation of the African slave trade, called African Slavery in America. Thomas Paine is known for his writing on â€Å"Common Sense†. Phillis Wheatley was born in Senegal around May 8, 1753. At the age of 8, she was kidnapped and brought to Boston on a slave ship. Phillis Wheatley died December 5, 1784. SheRead MoreWho Has Access to the American Dream1152 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Essay: Who has access to the American Dream The American Dream originated in the early days of the American settlement, with mostly poor immigrants searching for opportunities. It was first manifested in the Declaration of Independence, which describes an attitude of hope. The Declaration of Independence states: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, LibertyRead More`` Revolutionary Mothers `` By Carol Berkin1194 Words   |  5 Pagesreader through the Revolution War era in America. She chooses to show this era through the eyes of rich, poor, patriot, and loyalist women from different racial background. In doing so, she permits the reader to see this Revolutionary War not good or evil or for black and white but rather as a battle, which affected many women across the states. Although women suffered immensely during the American Revolutionary War, they played significant roles in the founding of the nation. Main analysis Berkin inRead MoreThe Legacy Of John Smith1043 Words   |  5 PagesPocahontas, in which no one truly knows what happened. His leadership characteristics and qualities possessed hard work, grit, and determination. He was an individualist that had an â€Å"American† dream. However, during his time, the colonists did not look at it as an â€Å"American† dream. Without him and his leadership, America may not be what it is today. In John Smith’s writings in From the General History of Virginia, one can make the interesting observation that Smith constantly refers to himself as â€Å"he†Read MoreEssay on Colonization of Pennsylvanis by William Penn1298 Words   |  6 PagesThese advantages and many others are what awaited anyone who boarded a ship and sailed across the Atlantic to America. For many rich and clergy men it was easy. They could be on their way with no questions asked. The first ship to America did not even have one woman. Nevertheless, once they got a taste of the western world, there was no stopping. In 1493 Spain led the popular discovery of America when Columbus first settled in the New World. While Englands first colony was Jamestown, established overRead More Benjamin Franklin Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesCompany, the charter for the Library Company was created in Philadelphia in 1731 by Franklin. In 1731 Franklin was initiated into the local Freemason lodge, he became a grand master in 1734, that same year he published the first Masonic book in the Americas and he remained a Freemason the rest of his life. In 1733 Franklin began to publish the Poor Richards Almanac under the pseudonym Richard Saunders. Although most people knew that he was the one that wrote it the Richard Saunders characterRead MoreWhat Is An American?1384 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is an American? America, one of the largest and most famous countries in the world. Mainly the most known for allowing freedom. The United States of America is one of the only countries in the world that permits equal rights for men and women. It is the only country in the world made out of many different countries and religions. America contains more than 300 million people, and  ¾ of the population are immigrants. Immigrants are people who were born in different countries who migrate to Read MoreThe Stamp Act1599 Words   |  7 Pagesand a point at which it does. Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible to single out the exact events that mark these points. This is especially true in American history, where upon first glance many events could have marked the birth of the nation America is today. With research, however, it is evident that the Stamp Act was the true mark of no return in American history. When the act came into law in 1765, there was a growing resentment from colonists towards Brit ish parliament in regard to taxesRead MoreThe Founding Fathers Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesContrary to popular belief, the government is not meant to answer every complaint we have. The founding fathers were classically liberal, meaning they believed that the American people should and would live their lives how they desired, and the government would only interfere when one’s actions were, as philosopher John Stuart Mill described it, â€Å"other-regarding and harmful.† Today, the vision of the founding fathers is still strong in our political system, where its inefficiency is intended by design

Essay about Toward a Definition of Modernism - 2672 Words

Toward a Definition of Modernism Lawrence B. Gamache’s article â€Å"Toward a Definition of Modernism† encapsulates in its title the challenges critics meet in their attempts to formulate a coherent theoretical modernist model, though the quintessential modernist works –even at the time of this 1987 article – are over sixty years old. Indeed, the sheer number of scholarly books and articles that discuss or contribute to the debate surrounding the definition of modernism indicates the extent to which modernism is a term whose only non-contentious consensus is that it its meaning is fraught with ambiguity. Susan Stanford Friedman’s contribution to the debate summarizes the theoretical crises thus: As terms in an evolving scholarly†¦show more content†¦But the latter two dramatists are as often classified post-modernists as they are classified modernists (Faulkner 22, Abrams 168). Faulkner remarks, â€Å"It is in poetry and the novel that Modernism can first be most clearly discerned [†¦] developments in drama followed a different course† (21). Opera, or music in general, for that matter, is rarely commented upon in terms of modernism outside of musicology, saving the usual passing references to Stravinsky and Schoenberg, who have seemingly become the genre’s representative modernists (Abrams 168). But it is my contention that early twentieth-century composers and their librettists could not have been immune to the great surge of creative energy that erupted when the modernists burst on to the scene. Therefore, against a hypothesis that insists that for a work to be considered modernist, it must find traditional forms incapable of expressing â€Å"n ew† or particularly twentieth-century sentiments, and thereby must self-consciously experiment with new forms, I will examine three seminal twentieth-century operas: Strauss/Wilde’sShow MoreRelatedAnti-Rationalism : John Cages Anti-Rationalism974 Words   |  4 Pageshis purpose is to â€Å"eliminate purpose†, in which sounds could â€Å"just be†. In 1938, he interested in exploring music upon the absolute time rather than musical time. It is really hard to define Cage’s aesthetic style, but it was a new direction of modernism. E.g. 4’33’’ (both in music and installation) Rather than a musical composition or visual installation, the work 4’33’’ is a concept in art history. Therefore, I think there is no need to separate music and visual art. To be honest, 4’33’’ isRead MorePostmodernism And The Future Of Literature1214 Words   |  5 Pages19th century until the end of World War II as modernism and literature after World War II as postmodernism. Although there are no explicit definitions, common traits can often be found that distinguished these two categories. In this paper, I will be examining modernism and postmodernism literature, as well as whether postmodernism still continue until now, focusing on Italo Calvino’s If On A Winter’s Night A Traveler and Anne Carson’s Nox. Modernism is often described as experimental trends in literatureRead MoreThe Four Noble Truths Of Buddhism1635 Words   |  7 Pagesmodernist figures, Kaneta Taio and Che-Un Sunim, have worked in Japan and Korea respectively to help relieve the suffering of their people. Moreover, by evaluating the lives of Taio and Che-Un, we are able to identify limitations in the definitions of Buddhist modernism outlined by authors we have studied in class such as David McMahan and Anne Blackburn. Kaneta Taio is a zen priest known for his efforts to help the Japanese community after the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in 2011. MoreRead MoreModernism and Symbolic-Interpretivism Theory Organizational Effectiveness742 Words   |  3 PagesAbstract The basic definition of an organization is an assembly of people working together to achieve common objectives through a division of labor. According to Mote (2012), an organization provides a means of using individual strengths within a group to achieve more than can be accomplished by the aggregate efforts of group members working individually. This proposal will look at modernism and symbolic interpretivism (SI) theories and how they apply to organizational structure. The organizationRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1472 Words   |  6 PagesModernism and Postmodernism are both two important eras in design. Postmodernism takes a lot of concepts from the modernism era. Both modernism and post modernism focus on Style, Social analysis, Cultural Context, Philosophy, Politics, Human experience, Machine aesthetics, and the constant transformation of the â€Å"New†. An interesting fact of the Modernism and Postmodernism is the use of the psychology and philosophy themes 1. Subjectivity 2.History 3. Culture and 4. Theoretically divers aestheticsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Of A Salesman And Millers And Williams Plays1102 Words   |  5 PagesRoss, Six Degrees of Separation, and The Heidi Chronicles to support my claim. To start off, I will come up with working definitions of modernism and post-modern ism. Modernism is a movement in culture that seeks to set an ultimate grand narrative of society. It provides the lenses through which we should view and judge societal operations. Essentially, it creates sweeping definitions for everything in society that should be referred to by everybody. â€Å"This is what success looks like†, â€Å"These are theRead MoreThe Emergence Of The New Literary Movement1072 Words   |  5 Pages It seems every few decades the literary ground shifts. Romanticism and Realism dominated the latter 18th century well into the 19th century. Next came Modernism, arising in the 1900s. Soon after, postmodernism took stage in the 1950s. Now into the 2000s, authors have performed remarkable feats of literary creativity and diversity. Authors are evoking occurrences from the turn of the millennium—events and conflicts that are specific to the twenty-first century. The new forms, tropes and theoreticalRead MoreEssay on Modern and Post-Modernism Architectur e 1070 Words   |  5 PagesThere is often some confusion when people start talking about the post-modernism and modernism in architecture in terms of   their philosophical terminology differences. Modern architecture is known for its minimalism (Linder, 2004); buildings were functional and economical rather than comfortable and beautifully decorated. The post-modernism architecture, however, is called a â€Å"neo-eclectic, significantly assuming the role of a regeneration of period styles for designing houses, and a never-endingRead MoreAssessment of the Contribution of Postmodernism to Our Understanding of Society1025 Words   |  5 Pagesbureaucratic forms of organisation. 3. Culture: A challenge to traditional forms of thought by rationality, and an emphasis on scientific and technical knowledge. Sociology, as a discipline, is a product of the cultural aspect of modernism. Modernism is a distinct way of thinking about, categorizing, and describing and explaining the world. The origin of modern thinking, and of sociology, was the enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries. On this basis we can look at PostmodernismRead MoreBody Mods Are Civil Disobedience Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered likely that the scarification techniques initially used were learned from naturally occurring scars due to accidents, animal attacks, and warfare. There is some archaeological evidence of tools associated with natural pigments that points toward tattooing occurring at least since 30,000 BCE. The oldest preserved skins with tattoos (aged 3000 – 6000 years) come from mummies from Egypt and peoples from the north that were trapped in glaciers. Autopsy of the â€Å"iceman† inferred that some of

Analysis of Much Madness is Divinest Sense by Emily...

In Much Madness is divinest Sense (435), a definition poem, Emily Dickinson criticizes societys inability to accept rebellion, arguing that the majority is the side that should in fact be considered mad. The perception of madness and insanity are a common theme among Dickinsons poetry, as she fought against societys tainted view of herself as crazy. She focuses on how judgmental society is on non conformist views when she describes the majority as discerning (line 2). As similar to most of her poetry, she writes in iambic meter and uses slant rhyme, as lines one, three, and seven end with Sense, Madness, dangerous, and lines six and eight, in sane and Chain in seemingly rhyme scheme. Dickinson credits the majority†¦show more content†¦Although she was not literally insane, she was judged as so from society because she chose to bar herself socially for much of her adult life. Throughout the poem Dickinson exhibits anger both ambiguously, ?Much Madness is divinest Sense? (line 1) and blatantly, ?Demur?you?re straightway dangerous? (line 7), with a conflict of madness between the parties. The final line of the poem, ?And handled with a Chain?(line 8), is a direct reference to a psychiatric treatment performed late in the century, of a literal restraining of chaining patients who were considered mad and harmful to society. Kattelman believed Emily Dickinson was an expert at combining clever word choices with concepts and images into a few short but very powerful lines of poetry (1). On the surface ?Much Madness is divinest Sense? communicates both irony and defiance as the speaker denies the idea of common sense while reaching for a greater truth. We initially learn and recognize the difference between sane and insane as recognized by the society at large. As we read deeper, we begin to understand her syntax, use of punctuation and meaning of her seemingly random capitalization (2). Dickinson is no longer simply observing madness against the norms of society but declaring her own convictions of it. Kattelman argues her capitalization of words, for example ?Madness?, ?Sense?, and ?All? is her way of objectifying them as people. Dickinson often personifies animals, inanimate objects, andShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Human Mind By Emily Dickinson799 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen explored by authors and phi losophers across time. One such explorer on this line of questioning was the famous and reclusive early American poet, Emily Dickinson. Many of Dickinson’s poems involve themes of human understanding in some form or another, and her brilliance was a strong argument for the idea of unlimited mental capacity. Throughout Emily Dickinson’s poems, it is evident that while she explored both arguments of the human mind, she was a believer in the concept of an infinite mind. Read MoreEngish 1252305 Words   |  10 Pageswhat the other is going through, Yet, Tuesday 9/11/01 reminds us that this is not true. Conflicts and struggles lie deep within themselves but also among each other. In the comparing of Tuesday 9/11/01 with W.H. Auden’s Musee des Beaux Arts. The analysis of the second poem would be found in the first line â€Å" About suffering they were never wrong.† This poem is telling of the people’s response to tragedy, and the apathy with which people view individual suffering. In the beginning though the poem points

On Cannibals Example

Essays on On Cannibals Book Report/Review On Cannibals â€Å"On Cannibals† was written in the year 1580 by the famous and among the most seminal of the French Renaissance. A thorough introspection through the document, â€Å"On Cannibals†, shall launch the readers onto a plethora of understanding operating within different realms of explanation subjected to human comprehension. The frankness and lucidity of the document operates within myriad layers of argumentative doctrines set upon the cannibalistic instinct of human beings and puts the conventional approaches of human mind towards cannibalism into multitudes of paradoxical dogmas. The document, â€Å"On Cannibalism† is not at all dictating; it is not persuasive however. Nowhere within the text did one find any kind of pressure upon the European readers to adhere the practices of cannibals. Montaigne, in the text, in a very plain and simple manner describes with details and precision, as much he was able to gather during the time upon the cannibalisti c practices. But a contrast between the two cultures, as noted by Montaigne, sets a comparative study for enhancing or pointing towards the flaws inherent within his own culture. The passage where the cannibalism is described as â€Å"barbarous horror† and the practice of eating roasted flesh of a dead man is assumed such term, Montaigne compares the act with the European act of â€Å"tearing a body limb from limb by racks and torments†. Such a comparison makes it evident that Montaigne had hinted that eating a dead man is less barbaric than torturing an alive and then kill him (Washington State University, â€Å"Michel de Montaigne: On Cannibals (1580)†).Through these comparisons, the purpose of the text, â€Å"On Cannibalism† becomes more evident. The purpose is to bring the readers to terms with the central thought of the text, which revolves around finding of true honor and vigor, which Montaigne explains does not lie within the physical strength of a man or within the physicality of civilization. Rather, the true honor and velour lies within the mind and soul of a good willed person (Porter, â€Å"Moral Barbarism in Montaignes â€Å"Of Cannibals†Ã¢â‚¬ ). Works CitedPorter, Jane. Moral Barbarism in Montaignes â€Å"Of Cannibals†. Brown University, 2003. Web, 15 Aug. 2013. . â€Å"Michel de Montaigne: On Cannibals (1580)†. World Civic Reader. Washington State University, 1998. Web. 15 Aug. 2013. .

64th Republic Day of India Free Essays

string(80) " the progress of that spirit of non-violence which has been our great heritage\." Introduction 64th Republic Day of India – January 26, 2013 Republic Day, celebrated on January 26th every year, is one of India’s most important national events. It was on January 26th, 1950 that the constitution of India came into force and India became a truly Sovereign, Democratic and Republic state. On this day India finally enjoyed the freedom of spirit, rule of law and fundamental principle of governance. We will write a custom essay sample on 64th Republic Day of India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The patriotic fervor of the Indian people on this day brings the whole country together even in her embedded diversity. Republic Day is a people’s day in a variety of ways: It’s when regional identity takes a backseat and what matters most is the universal appeal of unity and brotherhood projected by all Indians. The Indian constitution basically stands for the aspirations which ‘the common man of India’ cherishes. Republic Day is a day of the citizen of the country when he is entitled to be ‘all supreme’. Republic Day is celebrated most majestically in the capital, New Delhi, where symbols of the great nation’s military might and cultural wealth are displayed in what is the world’s most impressive parade. All Government buildings are illuminated lending the city the atmosphere of a fairyland. This day is celebrated with much zeal and pride all across the nation. Republic Day Significance India gained independence on August 15, 1947. But till January 26, 1950, it did not have the proper law of the land for ruling the country. On 26th January, 1950 the constitution of India came into force and India became a nation state with sovereignty and republic sense. Our constitution was formed by the Indian Constituent Assembly. The Indian Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946. The Assembly appointed a number of committees to report on the various aspects of the proposed constitution. The Constituent Assembly had appointed Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman to draft the Constitution. The committee finalized the draft with 395 Articles and eight Schedules and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. The Indian Republic officially came into being on January 26, 1950. January 26 was not some random date picked out of the calendar. It was on this date in 1927, that the Indian National Congress, then fighting its non-violent war for freedom, voted for complete independence as against ‘Dominion Status’. It was the date when members of the Indian National Congress took the pledge to work towards a ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ of India. The Indian Constitution, the longest in the world, now consist of 397 articles and 12 schedules which provides for a single citizenship for the whole of India. It gives the right to vote to all the citizens of 18 years and above, unless they are disqualified. Fundamental rights are guaranteed to the citizens, equality of religion and so on. The Supreme Court, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and other judges, are the guardian of the Constitution. It stands at the apex of a single integrated judicial system for the whole country. This is where the fundamental rights of the citizens are protected. 26 January 1950 It was on 26 January, 1950 that the constitution of India came into force and India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic. It was on the same day that Dr. Rajendra Prasad took oath as the first President of India. Read here the first speech delivered by Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the President of India on 26th January, 1950. â€Å"It is a great day for our country. India has had a long and chequered history; parts of it were cloudy and parts bright and sunlit. At no period, even during the most glorious eras of which we have record, was this whole country brought under one Constitution and one rule. We have mention of many Republics in our books and our historians have been able to make out a more or less connected and co-ordinated piece out of the incidents and the places which are mentioned in these records. But these Republics were small and tiny and their shape and size was perhaps the same as that of the Greek Republics of that period. We have mention of Kings and Princes, some of whom are described as ‘Chakravarty’, that is, a monarch whose suzerainty was acknowledged by other Princes. During the British period, while acknowledging the suzerainty of Britain, the Indian Princes continued to carry on the administration of their territories in their own way. It is for the first time today that we have inaugurated a Constitution which extends to the whole of this country and we see the birth of a federal republic having States which have no sovereignty of their own and which are really members and parts of one federation and one administration. His Excellency the Ambassador of the Netherlands has been pleased to refer to the relations and connections of this country with other countries both Eastern and Western. That relationship, so far as this country is concerned, has always been one of friendliness. Our ancestors carried the message of our teachers far and wide and established cultural ties which have withstood the ravages of time and still subsist while Empires have crumbled and fallen to pieces. Our ties subsist because they were not of iron and steel or even of gold but of the silken cords of the human spirit, India has had to face, on many occasions, assaults and invasions by foreigners and she has very often succumbed. But, there is not a single instance of a military invasion or aggressive war by this country against any other. It is therefore in the fitness of things and a culmination of our own cultural traditions that we have been able to win our freedom without bloodshed and in a very peaceful manner. The Father of our Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was not a freak of nature but the physical embodiment and consummation of the progress of that spirit of non-violence which has been our great heritage. You read "64th Republic Day of India" in category "Essay examples" We have been able under his matchless leadership, not only to regain our lost freedom but also to establish and strengthen the bonds of friendship with those — and our thanks are due to them for it — against whose policy we have fought and won. Our Constitution is a democratic instrument seeking to ensure to the individual citizens the freedoms which are so invaluable. India has never prescribed or prosecuted opinion and faith and our philosophy has room as much for a devotee of a personal god, as for an agnostic or an atheist. We shall, therefore, be only implementing in practice under our Constitution what we have inherited from our traditions, namely, freedom of opinion and expression. Under the new set-up, which we are inaugurating today, we hope to live up to the teachings of our Master and help in our own humble way in the establishment of peace in the world. Our attitude towards all countries is one of utmost friendliness. We have no designs against any one, no ambition to dominate others. Our hope is that others also will have no designs against us. We have had bitter experience of aggression by other countries in the past and can only express the hope that it may not be necessary for us to take any measures even in self-defence. I know the world today is passing through a most uncertain and anxious period. Two world wars within one generation, with all their devastation and aftermath of suffering and sorrow, have not been able to convince it that a war can never bring about the end of wars. It is, therefore, necessary to seek the end of wars in positive acts of goodness towards all and the world must learn to utilize all its resources for productive and beneficial purposes and not for destruction. We do venture to think that this country may have a past to play in establishing this goodwill and atmosphere of confidence and co-operation. We have inherited no old enmities. Our republic enters the world stage, therefore, free from pride and prejudice, humbly believing and striving that in international as well as internal affairs our statesmen may be guided by the teachings of the Father of our Nation — tolerance, understanding non-violence and resistance to aggression. It is in such a country and at such a time that it has pleased the representatives of our people to call me to this high office. You can easily understand my nervousness which arises not only from the tremendousness of the task with which our newly won freedom is confronted but also from a consciousness that I succeed in this sphere of activity, though not in office, one who has played such a conspicuous part not only during the period of strife and struggle but also during the period of constructive activity and active administration. You know Sri Chakravarty Rajagopalachari and have experience of his incisive intellect, great learning, practical wisdom and sweetness of manners. It has been my privilege to have been associated with him for more than 30 years and although we might have had occasional differences of opinion on some vital matters but never have our personal relations suffered by setback and I feel sure that I shall continue to enjoy the benefit of his protective advice in whatever crises I may have to face. My nervousness and anxiety are to no small extent countered by a consciousness that I shall be the recipient of fullest confidence from our Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet and the Legislature and from the people at large. I shall Endeavour my best to earn and deserve that confidence. Let me also hope that this country will be able to win the confidence of other nations and secure such assistance as it may require in times of need. I have great pleasure in responding to the toast which has been proposed. † Republic Day Celebrations Date: January 26 (Every Year) Venue: India Gate Highlights: President’s Speech, Parade and Caravans (Jhakiyan) of different states This is one of the most colorful and prestigious national festivals and the presence of dignitaries like the President of India, the Prime Minister of India, Union Ministers and foreign delegates also add to the dignity of the celebration. Celebration of Republic Day is different than Independence Day. The difference in significance marks the variation in the pattern of celebration of these two national days. It is a people’s day. On Independence Day, the past is recalled whereas, on Republic Day, the pledge is renewed. Independence Day has rhetoric built in the celebration; Republic Day is without speeches. Republic Day is celebrated all over the country at all the administrative units like the capital cities, district headquarters, sub divisions, talukas, and panchayats. The major ceremonies are held at Delhi and the state capitals. The celebration mood lasts for one week. It consists of the ground preparations, rehearsals, the main display which spills over to the ‘Beating of Retreat’ on January 29. The day has acquired the status of a social celebration in which people participate whole-heartedly. The celebration mosaic is studded with activities. Though the Republic Day Parade is the main ceremony, various activities are held from early morning when prabhat pheris (morning rounds) followed by a homage to Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of Nation. The parade is succeeded by sports events in the afternoon. ‘At Home’ functions at the Raj Bhavan, at the District Magistrate’s and at the SDM’s are followed by illumination of public buildings at the provincial capitals and administrative headquarters. The celebrations are universal, total and participatory in which children also take part in a big way. Variations in culture are displayed through colourful attires and folk dances. The parades held on the day traditionally predominates a touch of modernity reflected in the display of might, technology and capabilities of growth in various sectors. The parades symbolizes the might; the tableaux reflects the cultural motifs. Rules for Flag Hoisting in India â€Å"A flag is a necessity for all nations. Millions have died for it. It is no doubt a kind of idolatry which would be a sin to destroy. For, a flag represents an Ideal The unfurling of the Union Jack evokes in the English breast sentiments whose strength it is difficult to measure. The Stars and Stripes mean a world to the Americans. The Star and the Crescent will call forth the best bravery in Islam. † â€Å"It will be necessary for us Indians Muslims, Christians Jews, Parsis, and all others to whom India is their home-to recognize a common flag to live and to die for. † ~ Mahatma Gandhi The Indian Flag is a national symbol and it is respected by every citizen of India. There are certain points to remember while hoisting the Indian Flag. The Indian Flag should be hoisted with the saffron colour on the top. * There should be no flag or emblem either above the National Flag or on its right. * If there are multiple flags to be hoisted, they must be placed to the left of the Indian Flag. * During the hoisting of the National Flag, all present must stand to give respect and honour its glory. * The flag canno t be intentionally allowed to touch the ground or the floor or trail in water. It cannot be draped over the hood, top, and sides or back of vehicles, trains, boats or aircraft. * The flag cannot be used for communal gains, drapery, or clothes. The National Flag should be flown from sunrise to sunset, irrespective of the weather. It must be taken out before sunset. Republic Day Parade The main celebrations of Republic Day are held in the form of a colourful parade near India Gate in Delhi. The parade showcasing India’s military might and cultural diversity covers a 8 km route, starting from the Rashtrapati Bhavan through the picturesque Rajpath down to India Gate before winding up at the historic Red Fort in Old Delhi. The events of the day begin with the Prime Minister laying a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti – India Gate. He then drives up to the central enclosure and awaits the arrival of the President and a Chief Guest of the occasion who is normally a Head of other Country. On his arrival the Hon’ble President meets the dignitaries present and unfurls the National Flag. Following this the National Anthem is played with a 21-gun salute to the National Flag. After this a brief investiture ceremony takes place during which the President presents India’s top gallantry awards, the Param Veer Chakra, the Veer Chakra and the Maha Veer Chakra to the outstanding soldiers from the defense services. After this, four helicopters from the armed forces fly past the parade area showering rose petals on the audience. Each chopper carries a flag – the first being the Indian flag and the other three the flags of the Army, the Navy, and the Indian Air Force. The march past begins immediately after the fly past. The President, as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, takes the salute of the mechanised, mounted and marching contingents of the Army, Air Force, Navy, Paramilitary forces, Police and the National Cadet Corps. After the march past comes the cultural extravaganza consisting of floats presented by the various states and performances by school children. After the floats, the bravery awards winning children from all over the country enter on elephants. A spectacular fly-past by Air Force and Naval aircraft rounds off this not-to-be missed experience. The parade is followed by a pageant of spectacular displays from the different states of the country. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion. No other country in the world can parade so many ethnically different people in splendid uniforms as India’s Armed Forces. But they are all united in their proven loyalty to the Government elected by the people and in their proud traditions and legendary gallantry. Republic Day Chief Guests Since 1950, India has been inviting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honor for Republic Day celebrations and parade in New Delhi. Selecting the Chief guests for the Republic Day has more than mere ceremonial reasons. The choice of chief guest every year is dictated by a number of reasons such as strategic and diplomatic, business interest and international geo-politics. Recently India has been inviting dignitaries from South East Asia with the latest being Thailand’s first women Prime Minister, Yingluck Shinawatra. Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said will be the chief guest for Republic Day Celebrations 2013 Here is the list of Chief Guests invited as the Guest of Honor for the Republic Day ceremony held in Delhi. 950 President Sukarno from Indonesia 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck of Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad of Pakistan 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying of People’s Republic of China 1960 President Kliment Voroshilov of Soviet Union 1961 Queen Elizabeth II from United Kingdom 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid of Pakistan 1968 Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin of Soviet Union President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria 1971 President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania 972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam of Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire 1974 President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1975 President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac of France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek of Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery of Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia 1980 President Valery Giscard d’Estaing of France 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo of Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I of Spain 1983 President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 985 President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou of Greece 1987 President Alan Garcia of Peru 1988 President Junius Jayewardene of Sri Lanka 1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh of Vietnam 1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth of Mauritius 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives 1992 President Mario Soares of Portugal 1993 Prime Minister John Major of United Kingdom 1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong of Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela of South Africa 1996 President Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil 997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday of Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac of France 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria 2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem of Mauritius 2003 President Mohammed Khatami of Iran 2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin of Russia 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy of France 009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan 2010 President Lee Myung Bak of Republic of Korea 2011 P resident Susi lo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand 2013 Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said Republic Day Awards The national awards for bravery or the National Bravery Awards was started in 1957 by the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) to recognize and honor children who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice. Every year the ICCW confers these awards to children below 16 years of age. The awards are announced on November 14 (Children’s Day) and the Prime Minister presents the awards on the eve of Republic Day. The awardees receive a medal, certificate and cash as a token of their indispensable courage. These children also take part in the Republic Day Parade atop an elephant. In addition to this, some of them are also granted financial assistance to complete their schooling and professional courses such as medical and engineering (under the Indira Gandhi scholarship scheme). Assistance is also provided to some till they complete their graduation. The Central and State government departments, Panchayats, Zila Parishads, State and Union Territory councils for Child Welfare and also the school authorities have the responsibility of acknowledging the applications for the bravery award. The selection is made by a committee constituted by the ICCW, comprising of representatives from the Secretariats of the President and the Vice-President, various ministries, as well as the Central Social Welfare Board, police, All India Radio, Doordarshan and leading NGOs such as the National Bal Bhavan, SOS, Children’s Villages of India, R K Mission and experienced ICCW members. In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the Sanjay Chopra Award and the Geeta Chopra Award, given each year along with the National Bravery Award. Bravery Awards 2013 The list of Bravery Award winners for the year 2013 was announced by the ICCW on January 18th, 2013. The award is to be conferred to 22 brave children from all parts of the country, the youngest recipient being 7-year-old Koroungamba Kuman from Manipur. The coveted ‘Bharat Award’ will be awarded to Tarang Atulbhai Mistry from Gujarat and 11-year-old Gajendra Ram from Chhattisgarh is being felicitated with ‘Sanjay Chopra’ award. NameAwardState Renu Geeta Chopra AwardDelhi Gajendra Ram Sanjay Chopra AwardChhattisgarh Tarang Atulbhai MistryBharat AwardGujarat Vijay Kumar SainikBapu Gaidhani AwardUttar Pradesh Akanksha GauteBapu Gaidhani AwardChhattisgarh Hali Raghunath BarafBapu Gaidhani AwardMaharashtra RamdintharaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram Devansh TiwariNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh Mukesh NishadNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh LalrinhluaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram E. SuganthanNational Bravery AwardsTamil Nadu Ramith. K,National Bravery AwardsKerala Mebin CyriacNational Bravery AwardsKerala Vishnu M. V. National Bravery AwardsKerala Koroungamba KumanNational Bravery AwardsManipur Sameep Anil PanditNational Bravery AwardsMaharashtra Viswendra LohknaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Satendra LohkanaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Pawan Kumar KanaujiyaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Stripleaseman MylliemNational Bravery AwardsMeghalaya Sapna Kumari MeenaNational Bravery AwardsRajasthan Suhail K. M. National Bravery AwardsKarnataka Gallantry Awards Soldiers, who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice, are awarded the bravery medals, Param Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra. Each defense service in India have there own set of gallantry awards that are awarded to the soldiers who have shown courage and valor. Beating Retreat After three days of Republic Day parade, a moving ceremony known as â€Å"Beating Retreat† is held at the Vijay Chowk in New Delhi. This ceremony revives an ancient war custom according to which troops used to stop fighting at sunset. Bugles announcing the sunset would sound in the battlefield. As soon as soldiers heard these bugles they would stand still in the battlefield and war would be stopped for the day. This ceremony held on the 29th of January every year, marks the formal end of the Republic Day celebrations. The ceremony opens with a parade by selected contingents of the armed forces set to scintillating performances by the various armed forces bands. The parade climaxes with all the bands playing in unison. As the bands fall silent, a lone trumpeter picks up the moving tune ‘Siki a mole’. After this performance the hymn ‘Abide with me’ is played by the Massed Bands. This hymn, said to be Mahatma Gandhi’s favourite, is a permanent feature of the ceremony. At exactly 6 pm, the buglers sound the retreat and the National Flag is lowered to the National Anthem bringing the Republic Day celebrations to a formal end. One by one, the camels and the riders who stand stone-like throughout against the backdrop of the sky, move away from the background. Just after this comes the most visually appealing part of the show. With the click of a button, a thousand bulbs light up the Rashtrapati Bhavan and adjoining buildings. Surely a fitting end to the annual celebrations of the Indian republic! National Anthem of India The National Anthem of India is ‘Jana Gana Mana’ which was written and composed by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on December 27, 1911. It was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDIA Jana gana mana adhinayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Punjaba Sind Gujarata Maratha Dravida Utkala Banga Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Ganga Ucchala jaladhi taranga Tava subha name jage Tava subha asisa mage Gahe tava jaya gatha Jana gana mangala dayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Jaya he jaya he jaya he Jaya jaya jaya jaya he! Translation into English Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people, Dispenser of India’s destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind, Gujarat and Maratha, Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea. They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise. The saving of all people waits in thy hand, Thou dispenser of India’s destiny. Victory, victory, victory, Victory to thee. Preamble to the Constitution of India Just as every book we read comes with a preface, which gives us a brief outline and the central theme of that book, so is the case with the preamble of Indian Constitution. The Preamble being the preface of the constitution lays down the basic makeup of the Constitution. The Indian Preamble highlights the type of society and government it wishes India and Indians to have. For this, it has tried to incorporate the objectives of the Constitution in a nutshell. The Preamble of the constitution has used the noblest words which symbolize the highest principles and values of human creativity and experience. World over, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is regarded highly for its originality in wholeness of approach in dealing with so many subjects. The Indian preamble wishes India to be a country where there should be no high class and low class of citizens; an India in which all communities will co-exist in perfect harmony. Interestingly, the Indian Constitution is the longest of all the constitutions by any other nation. PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, are having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. How to cite 64th Republic Day of India, Essay examples

Notes on Menstrual Cycle free essay sample

The cycle begins with the release from the hypothalamus of gonadotrophin – releasing hormone (GnRH), which ? stimulates the pituitary to secrete small amounts of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH). ? The FSH stimulates follicle growth, aided by LH and ? the cells of the growing follicles start to make estrogen. Notice in figure(d) that there is a slow rise in the amount of estrogen secreted during most of the follicular phase, the part of the ovarian cycle during which follicles are growing and oocytes maturing. The low levels of estrogen inhibit secretion of the pituitary hormones, keeping the levels of FSH and LH relatively low. The levels of FSH and LH, however, shoot up sharply when ? the secretion of estrogen by the growing follicle begins to rise steeply. Whereas a low level of estrogen inhibits the secretion of pituitary gonadotrophins, a high concentration has the opposite effect: It stimulates the secretion of gonadotrophins by acting of the hypothalamus to increase its output of GnRH. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Menstrual Cycle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The figure(b) shows steep increases in FSH and LH levels that occur soon after the increase in the concentration of estrogen indicated in figure(d). the effect is greater for LH because the high concentration of estrogen also increases the sensitivity of LH-releasing cells in the pituitary to GnRH. By now, the follicles can respond more strongly to LH because more of their cells have receptors for this hormone. The increase in LH concentration caused by increased estrogen secretion from the growing follicle is an example of positive feedback. The LH induces the final maturation of the follicle. ? The maturing follicle develops an internal fluidfilled cavity and grows very large, forming a bulge near the surface of the ovary. The follicular phase ends , about a day after the LH surge, with ovulation: The follicle and adjacent wall of the ovary rupture, releasing the secondary oocyte. ? Following ovulation, during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, LH stimulates the transformation of the follicular tissue left behind in the ovary to form the corpus luteum, a glandular structure (See figure(c)). Under continued timulation by LH during this phase of the ovarian cycle, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen (see figure(d)). As the levels of progesterone and estrogen rise, the combination of these hormones exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary, inhibiting the secretion of LH and FSH. Near the end of the luteal phase, the corpus luteum disintegrates, causing the concentrations of estrogen a nd progesterone to decline sharply. The dropping levels of ovarian hormones liberate the hypothalamus and pituitary form the inhibitory effects of these hormones. The pituitary can then begin to secrete enough FSH to stimulate the growth of new follicles in the ovary, initiating the next ovarian cycle. The Uterine Cycle The hormones secreted by the ovaries –estrogen and progesterone have a major effect on the uterus. Estrogen secreted in increasing amounts by growing follicles signals the endometrium to thicken. In this way, the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is coordinated with proliferative phase of the uterine cycle (see figure (e)). Before ovulation, the uterus is already being prepared for a possible embryo. After ovulation, ? estrogen and progesterone secreted by corpus luteum stimulate continued development and maintenance of the endometrium, including enlargement of arteries and growth of endometrial glands. These glands secrete a nutrient fluid that can sustain an early embryo even before it actually implants in the uterine lining. Thus, the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle is coordinated with what is called the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. The rapid drop in the level of ovarian hormones when the corpus luteum disintegrates causes spasms of the arteries in the uterine lining that deprive it of blood. The upper two-thirds of the endometrium disintegrates, resulting in menstruation the menstrual flow phase of the uterine and the beginning of a new cycle. By convention, the first day of menstruation is designated day 1 of the uterine (and ovarian) cycle.

Human Resource Management for Tourism

Question: Discuss about the Report of Human Resource Management for Tourism. Answer: Introduction: The recruitment of the candidates in an organization is considered as the key factor for the success. The process of recruitment is considered as the tedious task, but this will helps in strengthening the current perspectives and future aspects of the organization. In the major organization, the main problem is raised when the suitable recruitment and selection aspects are not being carried properly. Apart from this, while pursuing the process of recruitment, the recruiters are not able to select the suitable procedure for the recruitment. This essay mainly helps in focusing and selecting the suitable methods of recruitment. By the help of this essay, the methods related to the external and internal recruitment methods are being analyzed and defined (Team, 2013). Recruiting employees can be a rather unstable process. With the steep cost of hiring and guidance an employee with the job and soft skills similar to the job description, by creating a mistake in this field can considerably effect the net revenue for the whole year. One key deliberation in staffing is whether to employ superficially or endorse from within the organization. There are benefits to either both the technique of filling the openings. Internal Recruitment Methods: Internal recruitment or internal sourcing is a method which is mainly processed by recruiting the employees within the organization to complete the needs of the business. Through this method, only those employees gets selected who have an idea about the working culture and process of the organization (Schawbel, 2012). There are various types of methods which are identified for the internal recruitment process, but the recruiters have to select the best method for providing the best output from their business. The two methods which are selected for the process of recruitment are named as the job posting and job referrals (Kumari, 2012). Job posting is identified as an open invitation to all the employees who are working in the organization according to the requirement of post. The announcement is done with the help of bulletin boards and common circular, so that the employees can be able to get an equal opportunity. With the help of job posting, the talented employees may get the most suitable criteria for the success and they can able to enhance their skills as well. This method of recruitment is identified as the most approachable and cost effective method of recruitment (Hawks, 2015). Employee referrals are the other method of recruitment in which the employees are identified with the reference of current employees working in the organization. This method is identified as the most progressive method, because the suitable candidates gets selected with the help of this method. It is also identified as the best source for the new hires and professionals in the organization to get effective results (Saylor, 2013). From the above shown two methods, the least risk is carried out with the job posting method. In this method as the candidates are getting selected internally from the organization. By the help of this, the most qualified candidates are being selected from the organization and they serve with theor good skills in a suitable way. Apart from this, the method is also helpful in defining the suitable work profile of the candidate in a proper manner, which is also helpful in reducing the chances of risk (Tracy, 2016). External recruitment Methods: The external recruitment methods are generally defined when the recruitment is done with the help of external sourcing. The method is helpful in increasing the job opportunity and by the help of this, the brand value may also increase simultaneously. The new and innovative ideas gets generated through this and the productivity of the brand also gets expanded. Similarly for internal recruitment methods, the external recruitment methods are various in numbers. The external methods which are selected here for the discussion in the essay are advertisements through the newspapers and selection or recruitment through the educational institutions. The advertisements through the newspaper are the traditional and most impressive method for the external recruitment. This method is also carried out in three ways. By the first method, the direct advertisement gets published which is generally mentioned in the senior post. The second method is by providing the suitable box number of candidates for providing the details on the basis of which suitable recruitment can be done. Finally, the third method is an aspect in which the recruitment is done on the basis of company policy and according to their suitable aspect (Ragan Communications, 2014). The second method which is selected for the processing is the selection through the educational institution who is carrying out the the campus interviews in a proper direction. The fresh and knowledgeable candidates gets selected from the institutes on the basis of recommendations provided by the mentors and in charge of the placement of the organization. Some companies also send their recruiters and team leads to select suitable candidates as per the requirement of the project which is currently running in the organization. Out of both these methods, the most suitable method is the advertisement method, because by the help of this, the suitable candidates gets selected with the help of suitable interviews and knowledge skills. It also involves less risk too, because in this method, the recruitment is identified through step by step process which reduces the probabilities of risk as well. Reason for selection: Out of both these methods, the most suitable method is from both external and internal methods are identified as the job posting (from internal recruitment) and second method is the advertisement method (from external recruitment). The reason for selecting this process is that they are comparatively less risky in comparison to the other processes. Both these processes are carried out in the sequential manner and also have their unique approach for performing the management process. Apart from this, the methods are also designed with the suitable professionals and the appropriate person. Though other methods of recruitment are identified for the suitable processing as per the demand of the scenario, but the evidences also shows that the output generated from these methods is accurate and appropriate. References Hawks, D., 2015. Internal Recruitment: Definition, Methods Process, Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/internal-recruitment-definition-methods-process.html Kumari, N., 2012. A Study of the Recruitment and Selection process: SMC Global, Available at: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IEL/article/viewFile/1079/999 Ragan Communications, I., 2014. Internal vs. external recruiting: What are the stakes?, Available at: https://www.hrcommunication.com/Main/Articles/Internal_vs_external_recruiting_What_are_the_stake_8658.aspx Saylor, 2013. Recruitment strategies, Available at: https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Recruitment-Strategies.pdf Schawbel, D., 2012. The Power Within: Why Internal Recruiting Hiring Are on the Rise, Available at: https://business.time.com/2012/08/15/the-power-within-why-internal-recruiting-hiring-are-on-the-rise/ Team, H, 2013. Internal recuritment and external recuritment methods, Available at: https://headhuntinginrecruitment.blogspot.in/2013/10/recruitment.html Tracy, B., 2016. Internal Sources And Methods Of Recruitment, Available at: https://accountlearning.blogspot.in/2013/01/internal-sources-and-methods-of.html

The Fight For Equal Rights Black Soldiers In The Civil War Essays

The Fight for Equal Rights Black Soldiers in the Civil War The Fight for Equal Rights Black Soldiers in the Civil War Black soldiers were among the bravest of those fighting in the Civil War. Both free Blacks in the Union army and escaped slaves from the South rushed to fight for their freedom and they fought with distinction in many major Civil War battles. Many whites thought Blacks could not be soldiers. They were slaves. They were inferior. Many thought that if Blacks could fight in the war it would make them equal to whites and prove the theory of slavery was wrong. Even though Black soldiers had to face much discrimination during the Civil War, they were willing to fight to the death for their freedom. Both free Blacks and slaves wanted to fight in the Civil War and volunteered from the start. The free Blacks wanted to prove their equality and help the slaves win their freedom. There was much opposition from whites, because many thought that the Blacks were biologically inferior and could not be trusted with weapons. They thought arming them would cause the slaves to rebel, and because the war was supposed to be very short it would not be necessary. Also, a federal law dating back to 1792 stated Blacks could not fight in the United States Army. Abolitionists, those in the north who fought for Black rights, argued that Blacks had fought in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. They had greatly strengthened those armies, so they should be able to fight in the Civil War as well. Abolitionists also thought it would teach the Blacks responsibility and self-reliance which they would need after the war. On July 17, 1862 Congress passed two acts allowing enlistment of Blacks in the Army, but they were ignored. The War Department still turned Blacks away when they tried to sign up to fight. Then in September of 1862, Abraham Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation which declared, "slaves within any State, or designated part of a State ... then ... in rebellion ... shall be then, thenceforth and free forever" (Knight, Carson, 1997, 1). This law liberated about 3,120,000 Blacks. After this law Blacks were finally able to enlist in Union armies. When Blacks began to fight many whites realized that it was for the better. Recruitment of whites had become difficult and after Blacks were allowed to enlist not as many white men would have to enlist. Soon, private agents, the federal government, and northern states had to compete for Black recruits. The government sent General Lorenzo Thomas to the Mississippi Valley to organize Black troops and in less than three months he raised more than twenty regiments of Black soldiers. Blacks took part in 499 military engagements, thirty-nine of which were major battles. In each one of those battles they served with great distinction and proved they could serve their country well. Seventeen Blacks were awarded the Medal of Honor, a prestigious award. One of the most well known battles fought by Black soldiers was at Fort Wagner in South Carolina on July 18, 1863. The Massachusetts 54th Regiment, commanded by abolitionist Robert Gould Shaw, was ambushed by Confederate forces while trying to attack the strong Confederate fortress on Morris Island. The Massachusetts 54th fought gallantly but the Union forces fell back with heavy casualties, and 1,515 men were killed, wounded, or missing. The Battle of Port Hudson, the last remaining Confederate fort on the lower part of the Mississippi River was another such battle. On May 27, 1863 Confederate forces had twenty siege guns and thirty pieces of artillery, a major threat to the Union warships. Five Black Louisiana regiments assaulted Port Hudson and were met with a rain of bullets. The Black troops kept fighting until almost all of them were dead. The losses were severe. The Union lost the battle but no one questioned the bravery of the Black troops. Because of this, Union Army Blacks fought with a greater sense of purpose and a better morale. Though Black soldiers in the Army fought as bravely as the white soldiers, they were often discriminated against. Their enlistment period was longer, they were given old weapons, their pay was lower, and they had little chance of promotion. Many didn't survive because of the poor medical care they were given. If Blacks were wounded they were carried off the battlefield as an afterthought, and if they did arrive at a hospital alive they would receive slow and inadequate care. Also, if captured by Confederate troops, a Black soldier