Dreaming Better Dreams Essay

There is no doubt everyone has dream. It is an experience that occurs during sleep. However, dreams are not only all about sleeping experience. We have dreams in life and these dreams are the things that we aspire to have, the status that we want to establish, or the kind of life that we long to have in the future. Thus, at times we are daydreaming that we are there, about to fulfill our dreams. In Mark twain’s The Mysterious Stranger Satan was mentioned as ghost standing at the behind the food processor and admiring a person’s lawn-mowing skills. It was not clear whether it was a dream but dream sometimes appears as one’s night mare. In the ensuing conversation between Satan and the person, Satan says â€Å"dream other dreams, and better† (120). Here, it was not clear whether Satan was advising the person to have a better ambition in life or he was just inciting a person to think of something beyond what he can do in order to make sin. But what ever is Satan’s intension, there is a truth in his statement. One should really have dreams life, a better dream. Dreams as some psychologist say are simply product of our imagination. They say, when we are asleep, our sub-conscious mind becomes active which us to dream dreams. No one likes bad dreams, but everyone enjoys good dreams. In dream, we can do anything that is impossible in real life and when we are awakened we regret that it was only a dream. The truth is we can dream a better dream that is not merely product of our subconscious mind when we are asleep. Our dreams can turn to reality if we could overcome anything that limits us. Our dreams can be fulfilled if we let all our strength, courage, strength, wisdom, and all our best efforts to pull together for a single purpose, achieving our better dreams in life. An ill Time to Laugh In the Bible, particularly in Ecclesiastes chapter 3, the writer states that â€Å"there is a time for everything in this life. There is â€Å"a time to be born and a time to die†, â€Å"a time to weep and a time to laugh. † This is true even today for most us. There is a proper time for everything. In the second prompt, the context tells us that â€Å"Satan laughs at Theodor and at Theodor’s sheepish neighbor who all throw stones at the hanged woman†(109). The scenario led us to think of something dreadful. We do not exactly why the woman was hanged perhaps she was caught in adultery, or that she was a witch but it looks like neighbors were against her who all throw stones at her while she was hanging dead. The only person conscientious of what is going on perhaps is Theodor. Theodor said to Satan, â€Å"It was ill time to laugh, for free and scoffing ways†¦brought him under suspicion. † Satan protested in this statement saying, â€Å"There spoke the race† â€Å"always ready it hasn’t got †¦ you have perception of humor, nothing more; a multitude of you possess that. This multitude sees the comic side of a thousand low-grade and trivial things-broad in-congruities, mainly: grotesqueries, absurdities, evokers of the horse-laugh† (109). There is something we can learn from this statement. Many people see only the comic side of the things around them or of the people they met and laugh at them. We tend to be evokers of the horse-laugh rather than objective in our judgment of anything that we see on others. Most of the time, we laugh at people even when it is an ill time to laugh. Perhaps, our problem is that we could hardly see when the right time to laugh on other people is. The best thing perhaps for us to avoid becoming evokers of horse-laugh is to always bear in mind the biblical statement, â€Å"there is a time weep and a time to die. † Reference Twain, Mark â€Å"The Mysterious Strangers†

Myself, the Writer Essay

Every human being in this world has what he or she enjoys doing. On my part, I have a liking for writing and it has become my hobby since my high school years. I developed fondness towards the art of writing after having been encouraged by my language teacher. She used to do a lot of writing and had written several books and articles that were published in journals, magazines, and newspapers. She used to write on virtually every topic especially on issues that were emergent within the society. This teacher became my role model. This paper shall give a summary of the reasons and challenges I meet during writing. Reasons and Challenges in Writing: As stated earlier in the introduction, I developed my desire in writing during my high school days and from that time I have enjoyed every bit of my hobby, writing on almost every topic in the day to day life in the society. One of the main reasons as to why I have a liking for writing is that I have a strong yearning to progress in writing. Writing also assists me in developing new skills and advancing knowledge on various subjects. Writing also helps me in expressing my feelings (Hodges, p 9). There are however many challenges that I encounter in writing. Extra caution is needed when writing due to the strict rules and legislations that have been established to govern writing. These acts to limit the extent to which an individual would wish to express his/her ideas (Elbow, p 12). Writing can also be a challenge in that finding the right words does not come easy. Writing requires total commitment and it may be discouraging especially when you are unable to come up with the necessary words that would express a phenomenon (Elbow, p 26). Writing can not be done in a haphazard manner and therefore requires adequate time and vast research on the topic. Writers get frustrated when some topics of interest do not have enough information upon conducting research. Conclusion: Writing is part and parcel of my life and despite the challenges that I face, I am determined to overcome them and excel. It is only through writing that the unspoken minds can be read and understood. Just like any other field, success in writing requires total commitment. Work Cited: Elbow, Peter. Writing with power: techniques for mastering the writing process, (2nd edn) 1998. Oxford University Press US; ISBN 0195120175, 9780195120172 Hodges, Richard, E. â€Å"The Conventions of Writing. † In Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts, ed. James Flood, Julie M. Jensen, Diane Lapp, and James R. Squire. 1991. New York: Macmillan.

The Benefits Of Cooperative Learning For Students Education Essay

Why the Cooperative Learning is good for ELL pupils? The range of this research paper is to show the importance of using the concerted acquisition groups to assist ELL pupils to accomplish English linguistic communication proficiency. How does cooperative larning benefit English scholars? David Noyes answers this inquiry with a profusion of research-based facts as it follows: it is non â€Å" endangering † promoting a low affectional barrier, which facilitates a better comprehensive input, the information provided comes from at least two beginnings, the instructor and equals, with the consequence of an improved keeping, and is strategic and purposeful through staging and differentiated direction. In add-on to already advert Multisensory Approach noticed by Noyes, Hammerken suggests that practising with a equal, experimenting different survey attacks help pupils achieve better on appraisals ( 2000, p.88 ) . In add-on, the concerted acquisition activities encourage sharing and edifice background cognition. The cultural, emotional, and geographical scheme of each pupil is enhanced through brainstorming, group treatments, the usage of in writing organisers, reappraisal of text, reappraisal vocabulary in context . Furthermore, an of import supporting statement is that it â€Å" maximizes the acquisition of English. † Noyes cites Cummings naming the co-op larning an â€Å" empowerment teaching method. † Dr. Cummings in his article Putting Language Proficiency in Its Topographic point: Reacting to Critiques of the Conversational/Academic Language Distinction stress the importance for pedagogues to do the differentiation between basic accomplishments and academic proficiency accomplishments, â€Å" I have suggested that in order to turn to these issues ( Critiques of the Conversational/Academic Language Distinction ) we need to do a cardinal differentiation between colloquial and academic facets of linguistic communication proficiency ( originally labeled basic interpersonal communicative accomplishments [ BICS ] and cognitive academic linguistic communication proficiency [ CALP ] † ( Cummings,19797 ) . The linguistic communication development for bilingual pupils is recommended, â€Å" by supplying pupils with extended chances to transport out undertakings look intoing their ain and their community ‘s linguistic communication usage, patterns, and premises † ( Cumm ings, 1979 ) , which are the features of concerted larning groups activities. Furthermore, Dr. Krashen in his article What is Academic Language Proficiency? explains that understanding and doing the difference between basic interpersonal linguistic communication accomplishments and Academic Proficiency accomplishments is of import for pedagogues in their attempt to back up linguistic communication acquisition, going the â€Å" cardinal end of linguistic communication learning plans. † The article ‘s accent is on the schemes employed to ease the linguistic communication acquisition on accomplishing the academic proficiency versus learning schemes that kids of course develop anyhow and consider, rote memorisation. The efficient schemes recommended for developing cognition of academic linguistic communication and content as they represent â€Å" one of the grounds for the success of bilingual plans â€Å" are ; triping the background cognition, the usage of images, realia, group treatments, narrow reading, and scaffolding for job resolution. All th e schemes indicated can be found in concerted acquisition groups activities. Another ground the Cooperative Learning groups are recommended for ELL pupils is that of the consequence of take downing the affectional barrier followed by the addition of comprehensive input, â€Å" the effectual linguistic communication instructor is person who can supply input and assist do it comprehendible in a low anxiousness state of affairs † ( Krashen,2009, 163 ) . Entire Physical Response as defined by Dr. Krashen ( 2009, p. 140 ) represents the pupil ‘s apprehension and reaction to teacher ‘s directions/commands and shows the degree of motive and engagement during the instructional procedure. The Cooperative Learning Group activities guarantee the entire physical response of the participants by leting the ELL pupils to travel over the submergence â€Å" soundless † phase through a low affectional barrier and reply when they are ready ( Krashen, 2009 ) . In add-on to the pro statements for Cooperative Learning Groups usage is the sum and quality of conversation involved. Harmonizing to Dr. Krashsen conversation, as a method to get linguistic communication proficiency, gives good comprehensive input, is interesting/relevant, and with the presence of a native talker has a low affectional filter. â€Å" Conversation will give the acquirer a opportunity to pattern the tools he has learned and give him possibly the best chance to get new 1s † ( Krashen, 2009, p.163 ) . Rothstein and Turnbull accentuate on instructor outlooks for pupils to utilize a logical-scientific type of discourse, which is really the formal academic linguistic communication as opposed to societal narrative. They suggest â€Å" bridging between narratives and academic discourse † by utilizing schoolroom direction structures which â€Å" promote pupil ‘s battle in signifiers of discourse that they do non utilize at place † ( Rothstein & A ; T urnbull, 2008, p. 140 ) . As a portion of the Bridging Cultures classrooms the collaborative acquisition is considered supplying the necessary support by furthering positive mutuality, on undertaking behaviours, and advancing academic discourse. Dr. Jimenez explains that pupils are of course supposed to interact during concerted acquisition activities which make monitoring academic address a must. She suggests expressed instruction, charting, and monitored pattern in order to heighten academic address maps. Freeman and Freeman, the writers of English Language Learners ; The Essential Guide, are to the full cognizant of the importance of developing the academic linguistic communication for EEL pupils. Besides, the writers recognize that the ELL pupils have troubles utilizing the formal English linguistic communication every bit opposed to a so called proficiency utilizing the insouciant linguistic communication. In order to develop the CALP and supply more context-embedded direction the writers suggest the usage of in writing organisers, working in concerted groups, and prosecute in hands-on activities which are the forms of concerted acquisition groups ; â€Å" When learning occurs in Quadrant C ( context embedded and cognitively demanding ) pupils develop the academic linguistic communication † ( Freeman, 2000, p. 155 ) . Supporting the subject, Echevaria and writers explain the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol as being the instructional theoretical account designed to assist bilingual pupils to accomplish English linguistic communication proficiency ; â€Å" Effective sheltered categories are characterized by a assortment of grouping constructions, includingaˆÂ ¦cooperative acquisition groups ( 2004, p.105 ) . Furthermore, â€Å" competent linguistic communication scholars actively prosecute these cognitive accomplishments, and research workers know these scholars are effectual, in portion, because they have particular ways of treating the new information they are larning â€Å" ( Echevaria, 2004, p.82 ) . The acquisition schemes considered by the SIOP theoretical account are the Metacognitive, Cognitive, and Social/Affective Strategies. These schemes that are employed through explicit instruction, mold, and scaffolding are the features of direction needed for a instructor implement ing concerted acquisition groups. Making the content comprehensible is done by using attacks as the usage of mnemonics, SQP2RS, PENS, GIST, Rehearsal Strategies, Graphic Organizers, Comprehension Strategies ( Echevaria, 2004 ) . The Sheltered Instruction Protocol is based on research which points out clearly that the grouping constellations has to be diverse â€Å" advancing the development of multiple positions and promote coaction. † Besides, as Noyes suggests every bit good, avoid grouping the low-average acting pupils with ELL pupils. The of import thought is that the ELL pupils get excess support in being grouped harmonizing linguistic communication proficiency degree, but merely for specific activities when excess support is needed ( paraprofessional monitoring, practising a specific linguistic communication impression, etc ) . The concerted acquisition grouping gives every pupil the chance to entree every bit the course of study ( Echevaria, 2004 ) . The writers of Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities ; Research Based Practices, Cohen and Spenciner, acknowledge the benefits of concerted acquisition for pupils â€Å" both with and without disablements † ( 2005, p.235 ) , because they work collaboratively to accomplish academic public presentation. As a common note the ELL pupils and pupils with larning disablements have troubles understanding and using their cognition to job resolution and higher order believing accomplishments ( Cohen & A ; Spenciner, 2005, p.194 ) .The grounds are different of class, but the instructor ‘s attack is to rectify and better pupil ‘s public presentation by learning metacognition accomplishments. Consequently, the ELL pupils will larn how to believe and how to larn from their equals during concerted larning group activities following instructor ‘s mold and cues. A immense importance in the acquisition procedure is made by addressing/applying Gardener ‘s Multiple Intelligences Theory. Hammerken suggests that pupils are experimenting in their attempt to happen the one which supports their learning manner, â€Å" the most effectual method is the method that will capitalise on pupil ‘s strengths † ( 200, p. 87 ) . Noyes considers that â€Å" the multiple intelligences are a accelerator for distinction of direction in category † ( 2010 ) . The Cooperative Learning groups activities address and congratulate all types of MI including the interpersonal ( single work ) , intrapersonal ( pair-share ) which are harder to make utilizing other direction theoretical accounts. In decision, scaffolding on David Noyes ‘ reply to the inquiry â€Å" How does cooperative larning benefit English scholars? † we have explained the important elements that makes concerted learning activities able and indicated for accomplishing the end of English linguistic communication proficiency. Concerted acquisition activities are designed as to diminish the affectional barrier while increasing the comprehensive input, the keeping degree is high, information coming from diverse beginnings with a high degree of hierarchal effectivity, monitored interaction /conversation and instructor ‘s illustrations utilizing formal/conversational linguistic communication easing academic linguistic communication acquisition, anterior cognition is activated and facilitates background edifice, multiple intelligences are approached through staging and differentiated direction.

IEP Inclusion Essay

The main function of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has always been to integrate the value of learning and development among special students within the educational curriculum. Recognizing the current trends and needs of students, the law was changed to address the functions of consolidating different measures to enhance approaches that bridges further effectiveness in carrying out its goals and objectives. Reacting to its application within Georgia (GA), these new tenets diversified the value of integrating new laws and furthering opportunities that infused better means of facilitation, transmission, and redirection of necessary elements essential towards increased appreciation and learning. One essential application of the amendment of the IDEA corresponds to the acquisition and training of highly qualified teachers. Since the practice of inclusion of special students within the classroom requires the necessary skills and competence among educators, the application of standards coincide not only within the precept of IDEA but also on other educational mandates such as the No Child Left behind Policy (NCLB). By ensuring that Georgian teachers are fit to meet the needs of students via training and development of necessary skills, they can help transcend towards furthering means to induce inclusion and determine the best programs available for students regardless of their physical and cognitive capacities (Hyatt, 2007). Another crucial component shaping Georgia in adherence to the needs of facilitating inclusion and the needs of special students revolves around the procedural safeguards present within the state. Here, the board of education alongside educational institutions are the ones who ensure that careful application of protective mandates is given towards special students particularly in the realm of disciplining, mediation, and the process of intervention during specific cases. Such directions can then induce better means for reinforcing accountability and responsibility among educators and administrators in congruence to the mandates provided by IDEA in reference to protective mechanism for the needs of special students and the promotion of inclusion (Hyatt, 2007). The third aspect that needs to be considered revolves around the nature of individualized education programs. Under the specific tenets advocated by the Georgian Board of Education, it has mandated and amended new conditions prior to the implementation of an IEP program. Under these conditions, it must correspond to particular standards and approved by the supervisory committee handling specific subjects and disciplines. In here, modifications within the IDEA were introduced to carry out a wider span and target new means of consolidating a wider scope in trying to reach out towards the needs of special students particularly those with disabilities (Georgia Department of Education, 2009). With regards to early intervention programs, specific attention is made by the Georgia Department of Education wherein they try to incorporate different schemes in reaching out towards special students and making them take part in government sponsored programs. In here, specific consideration is made the derivation of rubrics and EIP guidelines so as to guide both parents and educators about the appropriate model that is effective for each participant (Georgia Department of Education, 2009). Alongside this process is the condition towards centering options to help students meet the demands of their grade level and adhere to the standards provided by IDEA. The last part circumvents with the process alignment with the No Child Left behind Policy. Under this mandate, the Georgia Department of Education has corresponded and integrated its school policies and its programs according to its mandates. Here, amendments and rules were reinforced to guide educators and administrators the appropriate perspectives in helping students with disabilities become readily available and competent (Idea Partnership. org, 2007). Similarly, these conditions also center in areas such as special education services, school improvement, and addressing proficiency standards. All these conditions then necessitate better means to justify and outline congruence with both the differing perspectives and mandates provided by IDEA and NCLB. In the end, it can be argued that the Georgia Department of Education has indeed consolidated efforts towards bridging and redefining the mandates of the IDEA. Here, they had sought to help induce inclusion within the classroom by consolidating the directives provided by the IDEA and applies them according to the norms prevalent within educational institutions. By reinforcing these policies, Georgia remains responsive and accountable to the increasing needs of special students and opens up opportunities for growth and development.

Ethical Consideration Project

The health care delivery system is constantly changing it will continue to impact the kinds of services that are provided by religiously affiliated institutions. The pursuit of increased health care coverage and access at decreased cost will undoubtedly result in market and legal pressure on Catholic sponsored hospitals that provide health care, because it would contravene their ethical, moral, and religious principles. Currently, the law does not compel religious institutions to provide care that does not comport with their beliefs this is a means that has to stop especially concerning the well-being of the patient. This continual evolution of ethical, moral, and religious health care delivery, however, threatens to diminish, if not completely shut down the ability of these sectarian hospitals to maintain control over the kinds of medical care that they provide. Specifically, in this era pervasive federal and state regulations of health care delivery will put pressure on religious providers to give care even if it is against their philosophical foundation or they will risk the chance of going out of business because of the lack of government funding like Medicare and Medicaid. The states pursuit of reform and the provisional requirement of health care services are now increasing even more, hospitals are now more reliant on government funding so there is a tension between Catholic hospital and government to give patients the proper care that is needed which is not based on moral beliefs. Because Catholic hospitals frequently cite religious, and moral beliefs as the bases for rejecting patient demands for abortion, and in this case the morning after pill as discussed in the Brownfield case this looming conflict between religious freedom and patient access for care will continue to grow. This growing conflict has brought difficulty to the legal, social, and to the policy makers who must attempt to resolve this issue. In the Brownfield case the morning-after pill prevents fertilization or inhibits implantation of the fertilized egg. A rape victim should have the necessary treatment available or get referred to another hospital and in an event that they are not given the proper treatment they should have a viable claim for medical malpractice. I agree with the decision that was made by the judge and here is my reasoning. If the morning after pill is given to a rape victim it stops the attachment of a fetus which was conceived under a vicious crime which would not be considered an abortion since the morning after pill has prevented the attachment. I think that it is a patient’s right to control their own health care and that this should prevail over any hospitals moral and religious convictions, because we as patients need to know what is available and the best treatment out there to insure our well-being.

Corporate social responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Corporate social responsibility - Essay Example uch definition of the corporate social responsibility could be tied up to the utilitarian Theory, which generally points to the greatest happiness principles as the foundation of morals. It states that actions should be in right proportions as they tend to promote happiness. In reality this postulation is wrong, as actions conceived to be in right proportion tend to support the opposite of happiness. Philosophers Jeremy Benthan and John Stuart Mill argues that the resolution of ethical dilemmas require a balancing effort, where harm is minimized as a result of decisions to maximize the benefits. Mill is known for his greatest happiness principle, which provides that ethical dilemmas are resolved by brining greatest good to the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism is a calculating approach to ethics since it assumes that the quantity and quality of happiness can be weighed. It is often presupposed that happiness is the same as maximizing profit or return on capital investment. Improved profitability will generate happiness for the same. But to the utilitarian principle property, one must consider the possibility that the pleasure derived from increased profitability has bee achieved at the cost of a greater pain to other people. Some of the issues to which utilitarianism has been applied include providing health care even as costs escalate; protecting the environment even as electricity is generated; driving cars, operating factories and outsourcing manufacturing of clothing to developing countries. Utilitarianism is a theory of balancing that requires looking at the impact of proposed solutions to ethical dilemmas from the perceptions of all those who are affected. This theory accepts the cost-benefit analysis as a natural tool, as it measures not only the direct costs and benefits to an organization but also externalities. Corporate social responsibility is also defined as the â€Å"continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and to

Ethical Argument Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Argument Paper - Essay Example These nations may and may not have set strict reasoning rule for abortion but al of these nations have accepted that a women is the only one who can decide in favor or against abortion of her child. Body Those against abortion have taken a stance that a fetus or an unborn is a human life and he should have all the privileges and rights that a human being has (Farrell 12). Undoubtedly, fetus is human according to the definition of a human in scientific terms and is expected to grow up as a human being after a certain period. Although, fetus is expected to transform into an individual, there fore there is a probability that he/she will transform into a human being and cannot enjoy the rights bestowed on humans. Since a fetus does not have the ability to exercise and enjoy the rights of a human, his rights should not conflict with the rights of a woman as she is already a fully grown human being. The debate whether abortion is ethically and morally right or wrong is dependant on the deb ate of personhood and rights of fetus and others involved (Garfield 81). It is essential for the debate as it helps in deciding the correct time when a fetus obtains the status of personhood. The issue of abortion has no end as there are conflicting views about the definition of person. According to United States, a fetus is only recognized as a person in accordance to the definition of a person provided by the constitution. The common law exercised in the areas of UK and US realizes that a fetus transforms into a human being or person as soon as he enters the world but not before that (Cave 2). This view point was exercised in the case of R v Tait during the period of 1989, within United Kingdom’s jurisdiction (Chadwick 115). Those who support the concept of pro-choice, state that no rights are bestowed on a fetus until and unless it seems feasible. In the case of United Kingdom it is 24 weeks, the concept of feasibility is very important to this argument because an individu al is not recognized as a person until and unless the society accepts him as a person (Simons 142). During the Roman era, a child used to gain the rights as soon as he was born and laid at his father’s feed, he used to gain rights only if his/her father picked him/her in his arms (Youssef 123). As soon as the father holds the child, the child gains acceptance into the community and gained all the privileges and rights of a person. If the father did not pick of the child, the child was considered as illegal and unwanted and was killed or if he was allowed to live, he used to have little or no rights at all and he was not acceptable to the society. It is very hard to decide when a fetus or a person is actually recognized as a person and allotted the rights that come with this acceptance. Those who are not in the favor of abortion use pro-life debate to support their arguments against abortion. According to them, the probability that an individual will end up being a person is e qual to an individual who has already been recognized as a person and should have similar rights. David Boonin states that the actual possession of personhood rights and the expected possession of the rights is one and the same thing (Oehlschlaeger 145). He further states that a fetus is going to transform into a person in future, thus he should and already has similar rights. An act is only considered as unethical of an

Rape of the Locke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rape of the Locke - Essay Example A dire offence is seen in it and a grim situation emerges. The early part of the poem by the revelation of Ariel (1.27-114) gives the philosophical touch to the missing lock. He says, she should be happy that the lock will survive after her death—what a satirical style to highlight her self-importance! The sexuality prevalent in the elite society is subtly tackled by Alexander Pope. He explores the bifacial strategy of the elite to look sober and polished but sexual passion is hidden behind the surface. The act of cutting the hair though a joke, is a form of intimidation and rape. Further, sexuality is also implicit in the following couplet: There is enough stuff in the poem to indicate how the so-called civilized and high class people behave silly like children, and behind the dignified demeanor, violent emotions exist. The basest human motives are intelligently covered so that the world outside does not see it. Pope also pictures the world in which a man worships the woman and the woman worships herself. The poet details and rather defends the compulsions of Belinda as to the necessity for her to behave the way she behaves. The subtle competition and the rat-race to excel, amongst the members of the elite society, create poignant situations for individuals like Belinda. Nowhere the poet condemns her; he sympathizes with her plight. This poem is supposed to be based on the vanities of two families with whom Pope was well-acquainted with. It acts like the soothing balm to cool hot tempers and inculcate the habit to laugh at one’s own folly. Though epic is a serious literary form, Pope derives maximum fun and satire out of this poem. He has a dig at the society in which values have been sacrificed for silly-nothings. A society that gives more importance to the container and not the contents! The society that has been rendered

Physiological and psychological traits of two primates Assignment

Physiological and psychological traits of two primates - Assignment Example Physiological and psychological traits of two primates This observational activity was conducted in Fort Worth Zoo in Texas during which physiological and psychological traits of two primates were studied and compared. However, body hairs were not visible on the face, hands and feet of this animal. He also had silver grey hair as well on his bak which showed that this gorilla was in his late 20s. Same hair color was visible on its thighs and chest as well. The weight mentioned on the board was 40 kg which is fairly regular for this genus. Average height was supposed to be around 65 inches. There were three more gorillas kept in the same setting however major focus of this session was on the male Gorilla who appeared to be the leader of the herd and had a silver back. An interesting fact about the outlook of this gorilla was his lower jaw protruding the upper one. This particular primate was kept in an open area which had concrete floor as well as grassy area. However, the animal appeared more comfortable on the grassy land. He was being fed with bananas and other fruits whereas he was also occasionally picking grass and chewing it. There were some big insects visible on the grassy land which were picked by Gorilla and taken into his mouth. The Gorilla had its arms longer than legs and was moving on four limbs with major support given by the hands with curled digits. The male Gorilla did not appeared to be interested in interacting with the visitors and was showing less receptiveness to the food given or noises made by them. Throughout the observation, a single instance of low growling sound made towards the visitors was witnessed. The gorilla had made a small nest of plants and shrubs which he was using for occasional sitting. The weather on the day of visit was sunny and subject being studied appeared to enjoy sunlight. However, he kept on moving between shadows made by artificial rocky walls and open ground. Another interesting observation made was about little interest shown by Silver back gorilla regarding acti vities taking place in its habitat. Rest of the gorillas who appeared as female due to their smaller height and weight were roaming around freely towards food provided by zoo employees however they were just interested in food supply and not the individual feeding them. Unlike them, male gorilla only moved towards food once other gorillas had taken their share. Furthermore, he was picking up fruits thrown by some children. Some of the edible items were removed by zoo members and they were also told not to throw food inside gorilla’s habitat. The male Gorilla also appeared a little offended due to noise made by visitors to attract a smaller gorilla that seem to be attracted by the food offered by visitors. Therefore, when the smaller gorilla tried to move towards walls of its living arena in order to get closer to the visitors, the male Gorilla who was the subject of this activity quickly made a forceful growl in order to warn him. This production of sound was further followed by few quick leaps as well. Later on, the smaller Gorilla was taken to the nest of shoots where it was handed over to other female Gorillas. It was also noticed that the male Gorilla was paying relatively no attention to the water reservoir present in its living area. Although he moved towards it several times but did not touch the container with its mouth. On the contrary, he dipped his hands in the container and then put them in his mouth which quenched his thirst for the time being apparently. Perhaps, the reason for such low consumption of water is high use of vegetation which already has sufficient percentage of water. Male Mandrill Another subject

Catcher in the rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Catcher in the rye - Essay Example The writer has effectively used symbolism to help pass the message that maturation and the Loss of innocence are inevitable rites of passage for all humanity. The author has used the symbol of the Museum of natural history, the Catcher in the Rye and the darks in the frozen pond to show that it is always difficult for an individual to avoid the loss of his or her innocence. The Museum of natural history that Holden used to visit symbolizes a world without changes. Holden wishes that this could apply in life where by nothing had to change. He acknowledges that the main reason why he loved the museum was the fact that everything remained as it was. â€Å"The best thing though in that museum was that everything stayed right where it was. The only different thing in there was you† (Salinger 204). Holden admire the event that everything had to stay the same forever just like the thought of innocence preservation. However, Holden knows that this is not possible and he even goes ahead to admit that he had become a different person in that his innocence had become diminished since he last visited the museum. Another symbol that has been used in the Novel is the Cather in the Rye. Holden say that he would like to be a catcher in the Rye to protect children from tumbling over the edge of a cliff. On the actual sense Holden had misheard the song of which the actual lyrics were if a body meet a body coming through the rye. â€Å"I thought it was if a body catch a body† (Salinger 190). The word meet in the song refers to an encounter that leads to recreational sex. Holden intends to catch children before they fall out of innocence into the knowledge of both sex and adulthood â€Å"That all al do all day. I’d just be the catcher in the eye† (Salinger 194). The last symbol is the dark in the pond. He wonders what happens to the dark in the pond when

Yahoo v. The French Guys Our 1st Amendment Rights In Cyberspace Assignment

Yahoo v. The French Guys Our 1st Amendment Rights In Cyberspace - Assignment Example Although it may be difficult to uphold the First Amendment rights of freedom of speech across the globe, the foreign legal rules can favor individual states if they have appropriate structures. Another way in which the First Amendment rights of freedom of speech on the internet can be implemented to comply with the foreign legal rules is through the editing of the search results. This implies that only information pertaining to the provisions of the foreign legal rules is shown, while the prohibited ones are denied access (Lasar, 2011). This shall help in the regulation of illegal information that authorities do not want their citizens to access. For instance, the Chinese government has prohibited the use of foreign websites in order to uphold the freedom of speech among the local citizens. This also makes it easier for the Chinese government to promote local content submissions that are distributed by the law-abiding service providers. The foreign-based websites must be able to operate with the local firms in order to understand the legal frameworks applicable on the internet (Lasar,

3-5 year sample marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

3-5 year sample marketing plan - Essay Example The features of the products are completely in line with the mission statement of the company, which aims to improve quality and convenience of the lives of customers or users of the product. The key features of the new kitchen appliance are: â€Å"Quality† of the mission statement can be seen in the supreme quality of the product and the â€Å"convenience† part can be seen in the fact that the product is light, easy to use, and has multiple features which makes it convenient to use. Following the three way classification of consumer goods, which divides goods as convenience goods, shopping goods and specialty goods; this product can be classified as a shopping good because it will not be purchased regularly, like, milk, butter (convenience goods) or very rarely, like, luxury cars and designer goods (specialty goods). In order to consider the appropriate target market, following variables can be considered by the company: gender, household income, marital status and presence of children in the families (Pride & Ferrell, 2011). Kitchen appliances are particularly required by women for helping themselves in the kitchen. Income of the families will also be a major determinant for recognizing the probable customers. However, the company is trying to fix the price of the product reasonably, so that middle income group can easily afford it. The presence of children will also enhance the sales, as children love home baked cakes and the blender would hugely serve the purpose. So, basically women of the family with little children form the primary target market for the company. Competitive Rivalry: The competitive rivalry is very high in the kitchen appliance industry as competitors are mainly global ones, like, Haier, Electrolux, Whirlpool and Morphy Richards, to name a few (Letto-Gillies, 1996). The growth of any industry automatically slows down as it matures and competitors become more alike, given that the industry conventions emerge,

Information Technology Stakeholders Research Paper

Information Technology Stakeholders - Research Paper Example Computer based software however exist that facilitate accurate recording of the subject data and computations in developing financial statements and in analysis of such statements for informed decision making by relevant stakeholders. The technology would be applied through integrating appropriate accounting based software into accounting computer devices. Once installed, data will be fed into the software application and managed in accordance with the software’s commands. This would however require personnel’s training on application of the selected software (Vijay, p. 394). Computerized accounting has a number of benefits as compared to manual accounting approach. It is for example fast because computations are automatic through in built software tools. This means that any required accounting information can be generated on demand to meet an immediate need. Application of computerized accounting also ensures a high level of accuracy in the generated accounting information to ensure reliability and validity of prepared and communicated accounting information. This further means that decisions that are made from computerized accounting systems are more accurate. Another advantage of the computerized accounting system is its high level of efficiency in handling large volume of data with respect to time and accuracy. It also makes automatic update of information in all relevant files upon a single entry, an application that eliminates accounting errors from multiple entries (Vijay, p. 394). The process has a number of stakeholders. The most significant is the college, the owner of information that will be accounted for by the applied technology. Another group of stakeholder to the process is the students, their parents, or their guardians who will be interacting with the accounting process in remitting payments of payment related documents. External auditors and professional

Power Of the Mass Media During the 1960s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power Of the Mass Media During the 1960s - Essay Example This movement took place from around 1955 until 1968. During this time racism had been a huge part of American history. Racism and the life of African Americans were changing. The Civil Rights Movement helped move along this change and help to create a better life for African Americans. The media was a very powerful player in voicing the rights of African Americans which contributed to the Civil Rights Movement. Churches, African American owned businesses and television shows teamed together to show as many as possible about the movement. Many would voice over the media and attempt to end racism and encourage the end of slavery. The mass media dramatically played a role in changing the perception of the public and how they felt toward African Americans. Just like the Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam is a large part of American history and has been historically discussed in the mass media. Vietnam happened roughly from 1955 to 1975. During this time many Americans were needed to join the Army and fight in Vietnam. Some were pro to joining while others were against war. This part of history and how the media portrayed Vietnam is perfect for describing how the media changes the public’s perception and influences decisions. During the Vietnam War many were influenced to join. The media portrayed the war in so many different ways. The media made many young men believe everything would be taken care of if they were to enlist. The media dramatically influenced the public’s decisions to join. Not all mass media influence was to join the war. Many other forms of media encouraged young men to skip the war and fight for freedom and peace. This was a big way for media to encourage peace and many avoided the draft and were influenced by anti-war media. When pictures began to come up showing the negative effects of war the media thrived on the photos and they helped the media to change the perception of war through the use of

Brand Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand Equity - Essay Example In my opinion, Starbucks Coffee is a brand that has developed a high level of brand equity. The question arises that what creates brand equity and how can it be managed. For most people, a brand is simply a name given to a particular product or service that is manufactured or offered by a particular company. Thus the brand name in time becomes associated with the company and reflects its quality of products or services. If successful, the company can also increase the number of items in its product line depending on the good reputation and name of its original product or service. Customers are likely to buy and try the new products or services if they have a need for them. This is also because of the positive image they have of the company and its earlier offerings. Another way of seeing brand equity is that it is the value of your product or service to the customer- it is the reason why he prefers your offering compared to others in the marketplace. This can be because of ambience, value for money, variety of offerings or any other reason. Here are some ways in which I th ink Starbucks has created its brand equity or value for the customer: Starbucks Coffee is known for the quality of its product offerings. Be it the rich brewed coffees and espresso-based hot and cold drinks, hot or cold sandwiches- everything spells quality. The customer can rely on this every time they walk into the store. What’s more, this principal value is followed all across Starbucks stores worldwide (Assistant, 2009). Most customers would equate Starbucks to a good live experience. If you are a regular customer, the hostess would not only remember your name, but also what you generally prefer and the quantity of sugar you like in your brew. The point that the coffee is made in front of you, where you can watch the process if you like, also helps Starbucks quality resonate in the mind of the customers. It is not surprising to find groups of friends or office colleagues coming

Effect of Different Materials on Radiation using the Shielding Essay

Effect of Different Materials on Radiation using the Shielding Material - Essay Example There are numerous factors that lead to the variation of results read and recorded by Geiger-Muller counter because it detects only small increments of radioactivity radiations. For instance, the distance between the radiation source and the probe can play a major role in the variation. This is because once a radiation is emitted from its source before reaching the targeted surface usually encounters varied collisions in the air, hence reducing its speed. Consequently, this implies may end up giving altered results that deviate from the exact values by big margins compared to the incidences when there was keen control of the separating distance.   Other factors include background radiation because the other source of material may emit some or other kind of energy, hence interfering with the incoming stream of radiation such that the end results do not the come any closer to the expected data. Therefore, it is essential before the experiment one at least ascertain the extent of the background materials’ emission if possible by checking already calculated values. In addition, the nature of the shielding substance, for instance, its roughness or smoothness degree can affect the end results whereby both surfaces may not have exactly the same results or with those anticipated. Mainly, besides other human errors, these factors somehow contribute to the alterations of results though with keen observation one can adequately minimize their effects especially the separating distance.   Ã‚  

JUDICIARY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JUDICIARY - Research Paper Example This has happened according to various incidents, where the professionals either compromise their integrity against the justice system as a result of security threats to their lives or deliberate compromise because corrupt deals. PART I Professionals working in the judiciary such as judges, court prosecutors, attorneys and friends of the courts are under obligations to ensure that they execute justice in every case through implementation, defense and upholding of the law in full view of ethical standards. This implies that they should be the ambassadors of transparency rather than being the perpetrators or the promoters of injustices in the society. The court and the entire community expect them to apply the constitution impartially and without favoring any side of the case. Social justice as covered in the Constitution of the United States discusses the application of the required ethical standards in the respect the constitution accords to human rights to life. In this, the constit ution shows equal protection to every member of the society including the recognition of the children’s rights. ... In the two scenarios and in similar incidents, there is a critical test on the ethical standards among the legal professionals working in the judiciary. The only way to uphold the constitution is by reading the relevant parts as are applicable to every case and avoiding misinterpretation. Secondly, they can consult with the attorneys of the judicial system before deciding on controversial or weighty issues. The professional working in the judiciary can make use of the principles of social justices of equality to give both the prosecution and the defense sufficient hearing and at the same time, equal chances to present evidences. The defense must also have the right to appeal in case the decision does not favor him or her. Elkana, Szigete and Lissauer (2011) argues that it is the mandate of the court system and the justice system to promote and to protect solidarity among the professionals in the judicial services as well as the civil society members (the Civil Right Revolutionists), as a way to uphold human rights within the cover of the constitution. A just society will only be just if it articulates and upholds the rights of the citizens of the country. Part II: Several theories exist to explain the reasons why people decide to commit crime. One of the theories referred to as the Strain theory holds that there is a structural constrain that arises among members of the society undergoing development and tends to hinder individual members from achieving their dreams and ambitions in life. These are the strains that push the person into unrealistic means of achieving the same goals leading to criminal acts (Gerber & Jensen, 2007). The second

Project Team Building Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Team Building Strategies - Assignment Example A project team is a group of people that comprised of a manageable number of people. The people have complementary skills, share a common goal, purpose and a working approach (Petrick, 2002). The selection of the project team members can be from within or from outside an organization as situations may demand. Team members selected from within an organization have the advantage of knowing the other team members. This will help in molding a unified project team. The team members will also be familiar with the policies, work culture and work procedure of the organization. Project team members sourced from outside an organization lack familiarity with the organization culture. However, it is necessary for an organization to recruit team members from outside if the project requires certain skills, which are not available among the existing members of an organization (Nagarajan, 2005). Project team members are selected from the coordination between the project manager and the functional management. Team building refers to assisting a group of individuals. This group is bound by a common purpose. The members of the group work interdependently. The members include the leader, external stakeholders and the organization in general. Team building can also be perceived as the process of influencing members of a group to work together effectively for better results from a project. There are six strategies that leading organizations adopt so as to create outstanding performance among its team members. These strategies are the formation of the project team early, having a strong matrix organization structure, consensus on goals, sharing of work, and collocation of a team and lastly, the rewarding of the project team members to motivate them (Levin, 2010).

Marketing Across Culture Success or Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Marketing Across Culture Success or Dilemma Essay Marketing across culture is one of the biggest issues which multinational companies have been confronting nowadays. Since marketing is an important factor for the propagation of a particular product or company, marketing plan should also be effective simultaneously. Every organization has to pay attention towards all the aspects which can make a marketing plan successful and ethical aspect is one of them. Since global marketing is a complex process, ethical issues like cultural diversity is one of the major reasons that can cause failure of marketing plan. Marketing across culture is basically defined as product or service promulgation beyond the borders. Since beyond borders, culture, lifestyle and audience get changed, the attitude of the people also gets changed simultaneously. (Hutterer 2006) So, it can be regarded an ethical dilemma to market the products on international level and for dealing with such situation, company needs to scrutinize interests, traditions and culture of the indigenous people. However, different organizations have developed dissimilar strategies in order to cope with such ethical issues. Reasons of this dilemma Cultural diversity is generated by dissimilarity between native culture and the culture beyond the borders. Since every society has its own culture, its audience also possesses dissimilar concerns, ideologies, concepts, principles and keeping all these dynamics under consideration, a marketing plan is developed so that it can come up with the requirements of that respective culture. (Hall Hall, 1990) If the organizations neglect this aspect without considering the emotions and affiliations of its audience important, the result appears in the form of negative consequences. Since the main reason of this dilemma is dynamic nature of traditions, the organizations usually employ strategic plan keeping the regional aspects under consideration. However, in such cases, the organizations which assume theory of relativism are considered successful because it enables them to come up with regional cultural requirements. Since there are no absolute criteria for universal morality in this regard, this ethical dilemma has been solved using the utilitarian approach and the example can be taken from IKEA Inc. In Saudi Arabia, they have kept ethical and moral concerns in limelight while marketing their services and their apology for using female images in marketing transmedia can be taken as evidence in this regard. (Quinn 2012) Another reason why this thing is considered a dilemma is that marketing across culture makes it complex for the organizations to comply with the needs of customers since not only traditions, culture and thoughts of the audience change with the boundaries, but their taste and priorities also change simultaneously. For instance, McDonalds in India markets its products keeping the vegetarian audience under consideration while in other regions like USA, UK and Canada, they market their products through promulgating other additional factors. Hence, through this way, McDonalds not only keeps the cultural but also religious needs of its audience under consideration and this ethical aspect of its marketing plan makes it outstanding in one way or other. However, with the expansion of the business on global level and with the advancement in technology, marketing has become rather a technical yet interesting task and the reason behind this fact is the propagation of social media and similar other sources. These sources have made it ample easy to approach targeted audience yet the cross-culture issue is still persistent since these sources do not give any remarkable evidence regarding the cultural diversity and marketing plan. Comparatively, there are different other organizations like Air Asia which have been struggling with the ethical issue of marketing across culture. Though it has assumed different ethical approaches like absolutism, egoism etc in order to deal with its audience yet there is no remarkable progress in making its service a world popular one. However, there can be several strategic options available to deal with this issue of marketing across culture. Proposed solution: Different solutions for dealing with the issue of marketing across culture are as followed: Pluralism: The first solution in this regard can be given in the form of pluralism since it enables the organization to have an in-between path of utilitarianism and absolutism. (Hinman 2011) Some organizations use absolute ethics for marketing its products and some consider utilitarianism as the best source of marketing across culture but both of them might cause failure since no absolute policy or theory works when the regions are diverse and discriminate from each other. So, only an organization, who assumes theory of pluralism in order to deal with this global dilemma, can get successful position in global market. For this purpose, the organization can also do cultural analysis before marketing its product. Cultural analysis before marketing: This solution can be regarded one of the most significant steps in order to deal with the dilemma of marketing across culture. The reason behind this claim is that understanding the culture of the native people would not harm their feelings in any way. Suppose, if McDonalds never does cultural analysis in India and launches its products without differentiating vegetarian and non-vegetarian food, the result would appear in the form of violation of ethical code of that country. In such case, this organization would face severe opposition and there would be no profitability as well. So, another best solution to deal with this issue would be cultural analysis of the organization and before marketing a specific product or service in any region of the world, it is mandatory for it to analyze the potential market from cultural perspective. Change management strategy: Apart from assuming above given both solutions, the organization would also need to have caliber to adopt change management strategy since marketing across culture would need a severe change in the core marketing plan of the company. In such case, the company would have to deal with the internal issues as well and it can deal with this global ethical dilemma only if it would be able to deal with the internal issues of the organization. Through assuming all these three solutions, all the organizations aiming at expanding its services beyond borders can deal with the ethical dilemma of marketing across culture. Hence, only through dealing with ethical issues, the organizations can get successful marketing promotions throughout then world. References: Hall, E. T. Hall, M. R., (1990) Understanding cultural differences. Yarmouth, Me.: Intercultural Press. Hinman, L. M. (2011) Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Pub. Hutterer, R. (2006) Marketing Across Cultures Qoo an International Success Story? NY: GRIN Verlag Quinn, Ben. Ikea Apologises over Removal of Women from Saudi Arabia Catalogue. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 01 Oct. 2012. Web. 05 Jan. 2013. .

National Cranberry Cooperative Essay Example for Free

National Cranberry Cooperative Essay According to the data provided, there is 50 % of incoming berries which were wet harvested. In the absolute terms, this amounts to 750 bbls/h. The three drying machines can only handle 600 bbls/h altogether, meaning that 150 bbls of berries have to be stored in the bins each hour while waiting for the drying process. The second bottleneck is â€Å"located† at the separators. The three separating lines have the capacity to separate 1200 bbls/h, while there are 1350 bbls/h ready to be separated. Therefore, 150 bbls of dry berries have to be stores each hour. At the end of the day (7 PM) there are 2400 bbls wet berries waiting for drying and separating, while also 2400 bbls of dry berries still have to go through the separation process. Drying process of 2400 bbls of wet harvested berries takes 4 additional hours and is finished at 11 PM. Simultaneously the separation is in process (for the dry harvested berries). After the last 600 bbls of wet harvested berries are dried it takes additional half an hour to separate them for quality measures. Separation process is finished at 11. 30 PM. 4. When would the last truck unload and how long would it have waited? Due to the fact that the capacity of the bins is large enough for both, dry (4000 bbls) and wet (1200 bbls only wet + 2000 bbls wet dry) harvested berries to be stored before entering the production process, there is no waiting needed for the truck drivers. All the trucks are able to unload by 7PM. 5. Changes in order to improve performance (estimate the costs and benefits) Based on our analysis we propose three possible solutions that would resolve a problem of company’s bottlenecks.

Customer behaviour brand loyalty and retention

Customer behaviour brand loyalty and retention Introduction Usually loyalty is expressed by different tendencies towards the brand, store or service. Expressing through attitudes and behaviour generally show these tendencies. Previous work has concentrated more in the service industry, on how repeated the purchases are, i.e. retention and advocacy of the brand (Reichheld, 1996). Retention can be measured by duration of time, in numerous service and utility markets, as a customer. In terms of grocery market, where consumers use several suppliers, the share of category expenditure is one of the behavioural criterion of loyalty and is committed to a brand or store (Cunningham 1956, Dunn and Wrigley, 1984). In service market, while measuring the attitude, researchers have used psychological states such as satisfaction, commitment and trust (Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Ennew and Binks, 1996). Whereas attitude to the brand or the store has been used for the grocery markets. These are the forms of customer loyalty. This paper defines loyalty and talks about the meanings and the complications related to it. As the forms of loyalty are explained initially, further more the relationship between these forms and loyalty is presented with an in depth evidence. This paper also shows the implications of how marketers can implement the customer loyalty in the on the basis of the research carried by few practioners. Defining Loyalty: Meanings and complexities Loyalty can concentrate more on single concept, it can be either attitudinal or behavioural. Though, a great deal of debate over loyalty has focused more on convoluted definitions that may comprise both consequences and antecedents of loyalty. Jacoby and Chestnut (1978) came up with a six-component definition of loyalty that incorporated behaviour and attitude. This method of the conceptualisation of loyalty appears to be partially associated to a requirement to represent the causes of loyalty, and partially semantic, that this is what loyalty means. Semantic considerations provide an establishment in scientific definition, on the contrary the thought that attitude-behaviour congruence is necessary for loyalty looks ill founded. The definition by Oliver (1999) involves a positive relation between behaviour and attitude in loyal groups but Oliver states that this relation is typically very weak and finalises that the loyalty to a brand, which is true and which involves emotional commitment and its rare. This definition of Oliver raises problems and doubts as the casual description of loyalty without any circularity, does not makes it possible to test this causality. Even though while describing loyalty unites various meanings, its definitions must be singular and noticeably associated to measurement. East, Sinclair and Gendall (2000) argue that this is essential, as measures of the singular forms of loyalty could confirm slight correlation. The study of Dunn and Wrigley (1984) showed little correlation amongst few stores used and the share of expenditure given to the primary store. While in the case of store research, East et al. (2000) discovered merely a weak link between retention and share loyalty. This is possibly predicted. Theoretically, share of category and retention are fairly different and there is no stipulation that a customer buying a huge share of a brand must retain that brand for a long time compared to a small-share customer. Weak correlations have too been discovered between the evaluative and behavioural facets of loyalty. East and Hammond (1999) analysed the association between satisfaction and true retention. Their study st ates that most researches about customer loyalty have shown weak relations, in spite of extensive administrative postulation to the contrary. In such conditions it looks like it would be imprudent to generate permutation measures of loyalty that contain both evaluative and behavioural aspects, as the two components seem to have restricted relation. Brand and Customer Loyalty The study of Jacoby and Chestnut (1978) shows the basic difference between behavioural loyalty and cognitive loyalty; therefore clearing the concept of repurchase behaviour is not an adequate requirement of brand loyalty. The early studies of loyalty have focused on two most important phenomena. There has been research on the substantiation of loyalty behaviours for more than a brand, differentiated by changeable levels of complentarity/substitutability and hence the reasons of switching behaviour (Wind, 1977; Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978; Wernerfelt, 1991; Keaveney, 1995). As different studies on loyalty have increased knowledge of its various forms, they fail to examine the progress of loyalty over the time, without any explanation of how and why these various forms of loyalty arise. An active approach, if it is appropriately measured, can give an explanation of the various configurations of customer loyalty in the range of stages of the relationship life cycle (Costabile. M, no date) . (See figure 1. In appendix) Oliver states that this form of customer loyalty is a process of four chronological stages. After passage of time and continuous purchases in the third stage, most concentrated stage of loyalty is attained. According to Crosby and Taylor (1983) model for voter behaviour analysis, Loyalty is now cognitive by becoming a motivating force. The action control concept of Kuhl and Beckmann (1985), most concentrated stage of loyalty is recognized as action loyalty. Therefore it can be said that loyalty that is kept not only on the basis of strong motivation, but results in actions taken to get rid of every obstacle that will interfere while deciding of purchasing a brand to which a person is loyal. Customer buying behaviour and Loyalty Customer satisfaction and relationship marketing fields can be found from the involvement towards understanding customer behaviour and their purchase habits after their first preference of a supplier, brand or a store. Satisfaction and Loyalty Exploring the concept self-esteem, Hoppe (1930) and Lewin (1936) found the basics of the confirmation/disconfirmation model helpful to describe the satisfaction opinion and the association between satisfaction and trust. What is appropriate in this theory is not just about how this satisfaction model behaves, but also the confirmation of close links between satisfaction over trust and time (Bitner, 1995; Costabile 1998). There have been few developments in the study of customer satisfaction recently. This study has examined the emotional aspects of satisfaction and the dynamics of the model over time (Westbrook, 1987; Oliver, 1997; Fournier and Mick, 1999). Marketing researchers are also putting efforts to understand the variables that interfere between the opinion of satisfaction and the preference of repurchase of a brand (Oliver, 1999). Even though satisfaction-trust- loyalty association has not constantly been confirmed therefore obvious high degrees of satisfaction might not result in a behaviour, distinguished by high loyalty, and vice versa (Jacoby and Chetsnut, 1978), due to the several overruling variables during the process of exchanging over the time (Jones and Sasser Jr., 1995; Oliver, 1999). Retention and Loyalty Debates on customer loyalty use the idiom loyalty and retention synonymously. Nevertheless the literature states that there is criticism of organisations that have elected to define customer loyalty as simply customer retention, hence attaining repurchase. Stewart (1996) states that Customer loyalty and customer retention are not synonymous (Stewart, 1996 p.8). In the Relationship Marketing ladder of Customer Loyalty (See figure 2 in appendix) of Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne (1991), they state that the consumer advances up the ladder from regular purchasers (retention), to strong supporters of the firm and ultimately to being active and vocal promoters of the firm referring others to the organisation. As stated by Prus and Brandt (1995) that Loyal customers repeatedly purchase products or services. They recommend a company to others. And they stick with a business over time. Therefore customer loyalty is a more convoluted observable fact that comprises other assets rather than j ust the behavioural theory of repurchasing (Samuelson Sandvik, 1997). Recommendation and Duration of time According to East, Wright, Vanhuele (2008), consumers would value their suppliers when they possibly will find out more about the qualities of the suppliers offering over time and those who do not like their supplier change the supplier, approving consumers stay. Regardless of these effects Smith and Higgins (2000) and Fournier, Dobscha and Mick (1998) mention how a brand may be prominent once it was obtained and gradually do not talk much about it once it becomes common. This happens because the brands are recommended when there is a change, while a comparatively static product does not have an advantage of a second recommendation. In the earlier research of East et al. (2005a) they discovered either no correlation between recommendation and duration of time or a negative correlation. With the proofs from twenty-three researches they learned that the overall relation between recommendation and duration of time was neutral, whereas the individual correlations varied from considerably negative to considerably positive. According to Reichheld (1996), in few of the cases, have mentioned that customers who are with a supplier for a long duration of time, recommend more. On the other hand East et al. (2005a) do not agree with Reichheld. According to them new customers will give more recommendation compared to customers with long duration of time. Attitudinal aspects and Loyalty The evaluation of the study of repurchase and loyalty and satisfaction and loyalty has recommended that loyalty comprises attitudinal aspects. Further, a study that supports the involvement of an individuals attitudes is describing loyalty is presented. Commitment and Trust It is commitment that differentiates between repeat purchase and loyalty as per the debate of Jacoby and Kyner (1973). Hence a person loyal to a product or a service has an attitude, which is strong and full of impact. While considering commitment it would seem to be affective and calculative commitment. The definition of affective commitment is the extent to which a customer likes to maintain their relationship with the organisation (Buchanan, 1974). While the definition of calculative commitment is where the customer is loyal because they have to be rather than that they desire to be (Meyer Allen, 1984). Therefore the calculative committed consumer is not very reliable as he can get an offer that allows him to change suppliers. Samuelson and Sandvik (1997) recommend that whichever or both types of commitment possibly will be used in loyalty study and is reliant upon the reason of the study. For example, to forecast prospect loyal behaviour affective commitment will be very effecti ve. Hart and Johnson (1999) have mentioned that as loyalty is conventionally defined in as per its occurrence, that is referral intent, repurchase intent, share of purchase and actual repurchase. They recommend that for organisations to attain true loyalty then they need to go further than customer delight to total trust. Therefore it would look as if commitment and trust are important aspects when defining loyalty. Marketing implications of customer loyalty The majority of the customer loyalty programs that have presently been implemented by companies appear to be intended at encouraging repeat purchases (Hart et al. 1999). Several companies then, spend a substantial amount in lock in policies so that they could raise the costs of switching in a brand or a supplier (Shapiro and Varian, 1999). It is obvious that the customer loyalty objective must be mainly aimed at the top most and promising customer segments, and it is also evident that not all relationship has to be dealt in an evolutionary viewpoint. Potential value must not be described exclusively considering the profit or income flows to be gained, but more than all when thinking of opportunities in terms of growth that the relationship provides the company are development of business and the trust and knowledge resources (Costabile. M, no date). On the basis of the study of Dowling and Uncle (1997) the following could be the implication for company to employ customer loyalty. For a company to perform loyalty marketing still, it is first essential to identify the loyal consumers. When the customers grow, the use of market research and database marketing in the nonexistence of own knowledge is essential. Companies into direct marketing are endeavoring to come up with loyalty programs, which attach the purchasers of a broad variety of consumer goods and services to a meticulous provider or a brand. In cases of firms that have very less data regarding their customers, a supplementary advantage of customer loyalty programs is that members will repeatedly see themselves during buying or service delivery. Membership cards are a rapid and proficient means for customers to indicate that they are worthy of special attention. Many airlines, and successful companies like General Motors, American Express, Nestle, Holiday Inn, Unilever an d shell have experienced adequate advantages in customer loyalty programs to apply such schemes. For example, in the rebate scheme of General Motors (the GM card), it permits members to collect savings towards the cost of a new GM car, the car and not the collection of a discount is dominant. Another good example is of Australian Fly Buys frequent-buyer program. The members registered for the Fly Buys program can collect points for free air tickets and accommodation in hotel either by using credit card or a membership card. This membership is free of any cost. 1.7 Australians had registered themselves within just one year of the launch. The analysis of customer cost-benefit makes it easier to elucidate why the least desired loyalty program (figure 3 in appendix) fascinated so many, or is it so few members. References Bitner, M. (1995) Building Service Relationship: Its All About Promises, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Fall, 236-245. Buchanan, B. (1974) Building organizational commitment: the socialization of managers in work organization, Adm Sci Q 1974;19:533-46. Christopher, M., Payne, A. and Ballantyne (1991) Relationship marketing: Bringing quality, customer service, and marketing together. Oxford and Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. Costabile, M. (no date), A dynamic model of customer loyalty, journal (not available), publisher (not available). Costabile, M. (1998) Customer Satisfaction and Trust into the Resource-based Perspective. Research Propositions Endorsing the Confirmation/Disconfirmation Paradigm, Market Relationships, Track 1, Proceedings of the European Marketing Academy, 76-97. Crosby, L. and Taylor, J. (1983) Psychological Commitment and Its Effects on Post-Decision Evaluation and Preference Stability Among Voters, Journal of Consumer Research, March, 413-431. Cunningham, M. (1956) Brand Loyalty What, Where, How Much?, Harvard Business Review, 34 (Jan/Feb), 116- 128. Dowling, G. and Uncles, M. (1997) Do Loyalty Programs Really Work?, Sloan Management Review 38 (4), (1997), pp 71-82. Dunn, R. and Wrigley, N. (1984) Store Loyalty for Grocery Products: An Empirical Study, Area, 16 (4), 307-314. East, R., Gendall, P., Hammond, K., and Lomax, W. (2005) Consumer loyalty: singular, additive or interactive, Australasian Marketing Journal, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 10-26. East, R. and Hammond, K. (1999) Satisfaction and Retention, Paper presented at the ANZMAC Conference,UNSW, Sydney. East, R., Harris, P. and Lomax, W. (2000) First-Store Loyalty and Retention, Journal of MarketingManagement, 16 (4), 307-325. East, R., Julie, S. and Phil, G. (2000) Loyalty: Definition and Explanation, ANZMAC 2000 Visionary Marketing for the 21st Century: Facing the Challenge. East, R; Wright, M. and Vanhuele, M. (2008) Consumer Behaviour: Applications in Marketing, London: Sage. Ennew, C. and Binks, M. (1996) The Impact of Service Quality and Service Characteristics on Customer Retention: Small Businesses and their Banks in the UK, British Journal of Management, 7, 219-230. Fournier, S. and Mick, D. (1999) Rediscovering Satisfaction, Journal of Marketing, October 5-23. Fournier, S., Susan, D. and David, M. 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Mount Etna: History and overview

Mount Etna: History and overview Mount Etna is also known as Mongibello in Italian. To ancient Greeks Mount Etna is known as the god of fire. They also believe that Cyclops, who is a one eyed monster, lives there. People can go skiing on Mount Etna in winter and you can go hill walking in the summer, but you have to be careful in case it erupts when youre there. Mount Etna also has some famous caves on it which people like to go and see. There is also a lot of wildlife on Mount Etna like Frogs, Toads and even some turtles are found in some of the ponds and lakes, there are also a lot of birds and even some rare golden eagles. Mount Etna has a lot of trees so in autumn when the tree leafs change colour lots of people come to see them. Mount Etna is strato volcano so its lava isnt as hot as other types of volcanoes. It is on the east coast of Sicily quite near Messina and Catania. Mount Etna has the most amount of eruptions in the world. It is the biggest active volcano in Europe, it is about 3326m high and it has an area of about 1190km ². The volcanoes height changes every eruption and some of the eruptions have reached the cities near the coast. The mountain is about 21m smaller now than 1865 because of the weather eroding it away. Mount Etna is by far the biggest active volcano in Italy, being almost 3 times as big as Mount Vesuvius which is the next biggest volcano in Italy. Geologists think it has been active for over two and a half million years. Mount Etna is one of the most active Volcanoes in the world. Its usually a quiet Volcano not a violent one because it erupts so often. Mount Etna erupts most impressive when the vents and the top erupt. Ash storms only happen if the vents erupt. The lava from Mount Etna can sometimes get up to 1000 degrees Celsius. Thousands of people live near and on the slopes of Mount Etna, their houses and property get ruined quite a lot. The surrounded areas of Mount Etna are good for Farms because crops and vegetables grow well on the volcanic soil. One of the eruptions in 122BC caused so much damage to a nearby city called Catania that its residents were relieved from paying taxes to Rome for 10 years. Mount Etna has 3 vent creators on its slopes, which have lava, rocks, and gasses coming out of them. Mount Etna erupted most violently in 1669 when the lava demolished nearby villages on the bottom of the slope. Some other violent eruptions have happened in 1971, 1983, 2001-02 making the Italian government to declare a state of an emergency. All these eruptions have been dangerous but the one in 1669 when it hit the outskirts of Catania was by far the most violent. Mount Etnas Eruption 1669 Mount Etnas eruption in 1669 is the worst eruption so far in its history. During Mount Etnas history it has erupted quite often, so people dont usually bother when it erupts because its not that violent, but the eruption on the 8th of March 1669 was by far the most violent. On the afternoon of the 11th of March a lot of vents from the volcano opened between two nearby cities, these vents caused a couple of very dangerous explosions and a huge amount of lava came out of them and flowed downhill. It produced about 830,000,000m ³ of lava. The eruption was caused by two months of earthquakes under and on the surrounding areas of Mount Etna. This was caused by the African crust pushing under the Eurasian crust. This made Mount Etna erupt. On the 11th of March a 9km gap cracked open from Monte Frumento Supino to Monte San Leo on the south side of the mountain. The biggest vent cracked open near Nicolosi and oozed with lava and it ended up shaped like a cylinder cone and it is now a popul ar tourist point and is called Mount Rossi. On the first day of the eruption a town called Nicolosi and two other villages nearby were destroyed by the dangerous pyroclastic flow which can get up to about a speed of 500mph. The next three days the lava was flowing south and another four villages were destroyed. At the end of March another two bigger towns were destroyed and the lava reached the outskirts of Catania at the end of April. At the beginning of the lava reaching Catania, the lava flow hit against the wall which was meant to stop the lava flow destroying Catinia. The wall was strong enough for a while but on the 30th of April the lava reached the top of the wall and poured into the city which made the wall fall down. After a while of the lava getting into the city it reached the harbour and filled it up. Some of the people that live in Catinia built walls next to all the main roads to stop the lava going onto the roads which would cause some accidents and deaths. Other people that live nearby tried to direct the lava flow away from the city but they did not do that good of job. Effects of Mount Etnas Eruption 1669 The effects left behind from the eruption in 1669 were talked about worldwide. More than 10 villages were destroyed and a lot more were badly damaged by the lava flow. The west side of Catania was also badly damaged. The west and southwest of the city which was the richer side of the city, with lots of fruit gardens, expensive villas and a few monuments from Greek and Roman time were turned into a wasteland from the vicious lava. Catania was now surrounded by lava in all directions apart from the sea side. The pyroclastic flow damaged the south and south west of the city, unlike the eruption in 1381 when it destroyed parts of the north side. The pyroclastic flow doesnt always do the most damage but it kills the most people because it can travel so fast, and people cant get away from it. About 200 000 people died and about 27 000 people were also left homeless from the devastating eruption. Plate Tectonics Most volcanoes in the world are on a constructive or destructive plate boundary. Mount Etna is on a destructive plate boundary. A destructive plate boundary is when one plate is getting pushed under another plate. Mount Etna was made by the African plate pushing under the Eurasian plate which makes a volcano form. Mount Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei are two other volcanoes which are also made by the African Plate pushing under the Eurasian plate. Most active Volcanoes are positioned near or along the edge of plate boundaries. Scientists are trying lots of different ways to find a better way of seeing under the earths crust below a volcano. Bibliography http://www.solcomhouse.com/etna.htm http://www.bestofsicily.com/etna.htm http://www.volcanolive.com/etna.html http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/etna.html http://www.destination360.com/europe/italy/mount-etna http://www.worldtravelguide.net/attraction/285/attraction_guide/Europe/Mount-Etna.html http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Articleid=366 http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Mount_Etna_-_1669_eruption/id/1371107 Myocardial Infarction (MI): Nursing Assessment and Care Myocardial Infarction (MI): Nursing Assessment and Care The purpose of this reflective essay is to critically analyse the clinical assessment and nursing care of a patient suffering from an Myocardial Infarction (MI). This essay also reflect my personal experience and knowledge I gained in a coronary care unit (CCU) which will be useful in my future development. I used Gibbs model to reflect on my experience of caring for a patient with a Non ST elevation MI or NSTEMI (Gibbs 1988).The National Service Framework (NSF) for coronary heart disease (CHD) set standards for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CHD (DH 2000).Myocardial Infarction (MI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom (NICE 2002). Reflective practice is one of the key processes of learning within the health professions. It enables you to reflect on actions taken and analyse what you may have done differently and how you will handle similar situations in the future. Learning comes from how you handle different incidences and experiences and reflection is a key part of this. There are a number of models to choose from such as John’s model of reflection (1994), Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) or Atkins and Murphy’s model of reflection (1994). However, this essay will use Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988) to critically analyse the clinical assessment and nursing care of a patient suffering from a Myocardial Infarction (MI). This essay will use the model as devised by Gibbs as a framework. Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988) is based on six separate elements. It would be worth looking very briefly at each stage before continuing. Stage 1 of this model is the description. It requires you to set out the context of the event such as who was there and what was happening? Stage 2 is feelings. This is how you felt about the event and how you felt about the outcome. Stage 3 of Gibbs’ model is the evaluation. This requires you to consider the experience as a whole. What went well and what do you feel wasn’t so successful. Stage 4 is an analysis of the event as a whole. It requires you to break down the event into it’s separate parts and look at each part in more detail. What sense can you make of the situation? Stage 5 is the conclusion. This stage invites you to question what you might have done differently or what more could you have done given all the facts. The final stage of Gibbs’ model of reflection is an action plan. What would you do i f you encountered the situation again? What about your actions would you change? This is the structure that this essay will follow. Stage 1: Description I was working as a nurse in a Coronary Care Unit (CCU) in London. NMC guidelines (2004) requires healthcare providers to protect all patient’s confidential information. From this point I will be referring to the patient as Henry. Henry is a 45 year old male who was admitted into the Accident and emergency Unit of the hospital where I was working with crushing chest pains radiating to his left arm and his back. Henry had had no previous or family history of coronary disease. The initial observations showed that he had stage 2 high blood pressure (138/78), a heart rate of 85, respiration of 15 and a temperature of 36.5 degrees centigrade. Saturation was 100% at 28% oxygen via face mask. An ECG done in AE showed ST depression in leads 11,111 and AVF less than 1mm. TroponinI was>32ng/ml. In AE an initial dose of aspirin and 300mgs of clopidogrel was given to Henry. 80mgs of Clexane was also given, along with 5mg of morphinesulphate. 2 puffs of GTN spray was also administered. He was then transferred to CCU for further management. I first came into contact with Henry that morning when he was handed over to me. He had been in a stable condition when he was admitted to the CCU and had said that he had had a pain free night but later complained to one of the senior sisters that he had in fact been suffering but didn’t want to disturb anyone since the pain occurred from 4am onwards. When I first encountered Henry he was pale, cold and clammy. GTN spray was administered and I also started oxygen at 28% as his saturation was at 98%. Henry had said his pain was in his central chest and back regions. His ECG results showed ST depression 2mm in leads 11,111,aVF. At this point his BP was 126/80,his heart rate was 100, his respiration rate was 19 and he had a temperature of 36 degrees centigrade. Once I had informed the registrar of this I started a GTN infusion and his blood pressure dropped to 110/76. I then wanted to assess the level of pain that Henry had said he was in. I used a numerical rating scale to determine the level of his pain. This numerical scale provides a valuable measure of the understanding of the intensity of pain (Thompson et al, 1994). He had initially scored an 8 out of 10 but after the GTN infusion was administered this dropped down to 5. He was then started on 50mgs of Tirofiban in 200mls of normal saline and 20,000units of heparin infusion. During this time the registrar arranged for an emergency angiogram at a nearby hospital in London. I arranged for the transfer to be made in the hour. Upon his return, angiogram on his return I checked his angio site for bleeding. I did an ECG and placed him on a cardiac monitor. I checked pedal pulse and did circulatory check in his right leg every hour. I advised him to stay in bed for few hours to avoid bleeding. When it was discovered that Henry had an Inferior NSTEMI he was scheduled to have an emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) which is performed by passing a balloon tipped catheter from an artery in the groin or arm and guided to the blocked artery of the heart (American Heart Association, 2008).The balloon is then inflated and removed, leaving in metalstent which squashes the fatty deposit that has been blocking the artery and therefore allowing blood to flow more easily. Jowett and Thompson (2003) argue that this method is very useful in alleviating symptoms and improving the prognosis of the patient. I was able to explain the procedure to Henry and then prepared him for the operation by shaving his groin and checking his bloods (including a coagulation screen). I also inserted venflon for intravenous access administered medications such as aspirin, informed the next of kin. The angiography had shown that Henry had 70-90% stenosis in proximal and midsegment section of vessel. The left coronary artery was free of obstruction therefore patient had PCI with drugeluting stents in the right coronary artery. The procedure was successful and I was able to start Henry on the first phase of his cardiac rehabilitation before his discharge. This involves a risk factor assessment and giving advice on how to lead a healthier life through reducing stress, having a healthier diet and taking regular exercise. I also gave him advice on his new drug regiment which would be an important part of his rehabilitation. Of course, longer term rehabilitation is required for patients who have gone through what Henry has gone through. He agreed to attend a exercise program once a week to be conducted in the hospital. A Myocardial Infarction (MI) can have a huge psychological effect on a patient. The changes that a patient is required to make to their lifestyle after suffering an MI can also have a damaging psychological consequences. Before Henry was discharged I had him fill out a questionnaire that would help determine his depression and anxiety levels based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Stage 2: Feelings As a nurse I know that it is impossible to give round the clock, exclusive care to just one patient. I had other patients to attend to on that day who needed my care just as much as Henry. However, I still felt frustrated that Henry was in so much discomfort and I was also annoyed with myself for not having picked up on this when he had been initially handed over to me. It was left up to the senior sister to tell me that he had been pain during the night. I also felt frustrated that he didn’t feel like he could tell anyone about the pain that he had been experiencing. I felt that on the whole my communication skills had been lacking on this occasion. Had my communication skills been better, I could have picked up on the pain Henry was in much sooner. This is perhaps the strongest feeling I have about this experience. Overall I felt relieved that I was able to discharge Henry. CHD is a massive killer in the UK and working on the CCU one experiences many outcomes that aren’t as positive as Henry’s. Of course, I know his life is going to have to dramatically change as a result of his MI but I felt like I had done my best to prepare him for these changes. Stage 3: Evaluation This stage requires a reflection of the experience as a whole and to look at the aspects that were successful and also to look at aspects that weren’t so successful. Overall I was pleased at the outcome of this experience. However, there are always areas that could be improved on. Perhaps the greatest failure came from not knowing soon enough of the chest pain that Henry had suffered through the night. Had his pain been reported or picked up on sooner then I could have possibly prevented some of the myocardial damage. The GTN infusion could have been administered sooner. The purpose of this infusion is partly because it is useful for analgesia but also because it is useful for the control of ischaemia as it relaxes the smooth muscles, arteries and veins leading to vasodilatation (Hatchett and Thompson, 2007). Had I known of Henry’s chest pain right from the start it would have been possible for me to administer this as soon as he was handed over to me. The CCU I work in follows the ESC guidelines for management of NSTEMI. In accordance with this, I started Tirofiban and Heparin infusion. Tirofiban is a nonpeptide mimetic antagonist of glycoprotein 11b/111a receptor. Because Henry was limited by unstable signs and symptoms, protocol states that Tirofiban in combination with Heparin and Aspirin will have lower incidence of ischemia. I thought that the care that Henry received before his PTCA and the speed in which he was able to have this surgery was a great success. The PTCA was also a particularly successful. In the BHF Randomised Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA3) trial of patients with NSTEMI, invasive strategies (PTCA or CABG) were found to be better when compared with more conservative strategies (Collnolly et al, 2002). I also felt that the care Henry received after his PTCA was very successful. The long term effects of this are yet to be realised but in the short term I felt that Henry responded very well to the lifestyle changes he was being asked to make. The long term care of patients who have suffered from CHD requires coordination across many different health care professions. It is often for patients to slip through the cracks and skip the parts of the rehabilitation that they find too hard. However, I felt that Henry was determined to get back to a normal life as soon as possible. Stage 4: Analysis The purpose of Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988) is to learn from your experiences. I feel that this stage has been adequately covered by the description given in Stage 1. In this previous section I have given a step by step breakdown of the events as they unfolded. Each part from Henry’s admission, to his treatment to the initial stages of his rehabilitation have been covered in sufficient detail above. Stage 5: Conclusion As already mentioned, one of the areas which I felt was most inadequate throughout this whole experience was communication. Jowett and Thompson (2003) argue that in the highly technical and invasive atmosphere of a CCU, good communication can sometimes be lacking. Ashworth (1984) argues that a patient needs to feel like healthcare professionals such as nurses need to be helpful, competent and approachable. Nurses in turn have to recognise the individual needs of the patients in their care. This is an area where there were obvious failures. Henry didn’t feel able to express the fact that he was in pain because he didn’t want to be a nuisance. In an CCU where it is a highly charged atmosphere, it is possible that the patient may feel quite a lot of discomfort but won’t speak up because they may feel that they are inconveniencing someone or also they may feel that everyone in the CCU is probably feeling worse than them so they should just deal with the pain and not speak up. This failure to communicate is both the fault of the patient and the healthcare professional but the healthcare professional should be able to recognise when a patient is in pain. Stage 6: Action Plan Clinically I feel all the proper guidelines and protocols were applied in the case of Henry. As has already been stated, what was lacking is the communication. I am likely to encounter similar situations again as a nurse in a CCU. CHU is a leading health concern in the UK so it is important that one is able to learn from experiences and use them when encountering similar situations. The role of nurse in a CCU is one that is rapidly evolving and changing so it is important to learn from experiences and apply this learning to everyday practice. What my experience with Henry has taught me is that I need to treat each patient as individuals with individual problems and with differing levels of communication skills. Some patients are good at communicating what they feel while others aren’t. Spotting that Henry was in pain sooner may have led to less damage of his heart tissue. Of course the damage had already been done before he came into hospital but I may have missed signs that I should have picked up on when he was initially handed over to me. As nurses we should be striving to make the patients in our care as comfortable as possible. This especially important in a CCU where patients are having to deal with a variety of problems and a wide range of emotions. It is easy to get caught up in the highly charged atmosphere and not see the patients as individuals. 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